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Ecology, management and conservation in natural and modified habitats
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Contents Vol 36(7)

Mapping wildlife: integrating stakeholder knowledge with modelled patterns of deer abundance by using participatory GIS

Z. Austin A , S. Cinderby B , J. C. R. Smart A , D. Raffaelli A and P. C. L. White A C
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.

B Stockholm Environment Institute, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.

C Corresponding author. Email: pclw1@york.ac.uk

Wildlife Research 36(7) 553-564 https://doi.org/10.1071/WR08153
Submitted: 28 October 2008  Accepted: 23 June 2009   Published: 28 October 2009

Abstract

Context. Some species that are perceived by certain stakeholders as a valuable resource can also cause ecological or economic damage, leading to contrasting management objectives and subsequent conflict between stakeholder groups. There is increasing recognition that the integration of stakeholder knowledge with formal scientific data can enhance the information available for use in management. This is especially true where scientific understanding is incomplete, as is frequently the case for wide-ranging species, which can be difficult to monitor directly at the landscape scale.

Aims. The aim of the research was to incorporate stakeholder knowledge with data derived from formal quantitative models to modify predictions of wildlife distribution and abundance, using wild deer in the UK as an example.

Methods. We use selected predictor variables from a deer–vehicle collision model to estimate deer densities at the 10-km square level throughout the East of England. With these predictions as a baseline, we illustrate the use of participatory GIS as a methodological framework for enabling stakeholder participation in the refinement of landscape-scale deer abundance maps.

Key results. Stakeholder participation resulted in modifications to modelled abundance patterns for all wild deer species present in the East of England, although the modifications were minor and there was a high degree of consistency among stakeholders in the adjustments made. For muntjac, roe and fallow deer, the majority of stakeholder changes represented an increase in density, suggesting that populations of these species are increasing in the region.

Conclusions. Our results show that participatory GIS is a useful technique for enabling stakeholders to contribute to incomplete scientific knowledge, especially where up-to-date species distribution and abundance data are needed to inform wildlife research and management.

Implications. The results of the present study will serve as a valuable information base for future research on deer management in the region. The flexibility of the approach makes it applicable to a range of species at different spatial scales and other wildlife conflict issues. These may include the management of invasive species or the conservation of threatened species, where accurate spatial data and enhanced community involvement are necessary in order to facilitate effective management.

Additional keywords: deer–vehicle collisions, geographic information systems, management conflict resolution, predictive spatial model, stakeholder participation.


Acknowledgements

This research was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC). We are grateful to all of the interviewees that participated in the research, to J. Langbein, A. Ward and the British Deer Society for providing data and to E. Willis and A. Owen for providing GIS knowledge and expertise. We are also grateful to two anonymous referees whose comments helped to improve the original manuscript.


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