Effects of harvest and climate on population dynamics of northern bobwhites in south Florida
Virginie Rolland A D F , Jeffrey A. Hostetler A E , Tommy C. Hines C , Fred A. Johnson B , H. Franklin Percival B and Madan K. Oli A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Wildlife and Ecology Conservation, 110 Newins-Ziegler Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
B US Geological Survey, Florida Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Florida, Building 810, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
C RT 3, BOX 509, Newberry, FL 32669, USA.
D Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, AR 72467, USA.
E Present address: Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, MRC 5503, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA.
F Corresponding author. Email: vrolland@astate.edu
Wildlife Research 38(5) 396-407 https://doi.org/10.1071/WR10239
Submitted: 27 December 2010 Accepted: 7 July 2011 Published: 12 October 2011
Abstract
Context: Hunting-related (hereafter harvest) mortality is assumed to be compensatory in many exploited species. However, when harvest mortality is additive, hunting can lead to population declines, especially on public land where hunting pressure can be intense. Recent studies indicate that excessive hunting may have contributed to the decline of a northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) population in south Florida.
Aims: This study aimed to estimate population growth rates to determine potential and actual contribution of vital rates to annual changes in population growth rates, and to evaluate the role of harvest and climatic variables on bobwhite population decline.
Methods: We used demographic parameters estimated from a six-year study to parameterise population matrix models and conduct prospective and retrospective perturbation analyses.
Key results: The stochastic population growth rate (λS = 0.144) was proportionally more sensitive to adult winter survival and survival of fledglings, nests and broods from first nesting attempts; the same variables were primarily responsible for annual changes in population growth rate. Demographic parameters associated with second nesting attempts made virtually no contribution to population growth rate. All harvest scenarios consistently revealed a substantial impact of harvest on bobwhite population dynamics. If the lowest harvest level recorded in the study period (i.e. 0.08 birds harvested per day per km2 in 2008) was applied, λS would increase by 32.1%. Winter temperatures and precipitation negatively affected winter survival, and precipitation acted synergistically with harvest in affecting winter survival.
Conclusions: Our results suggest that reduction in winter survival due to overharvest has been an important cause of the decline in our study population, but that climatic factors might have also played a role. Thus, for management actions to be effective, assessing the contribution of primary (e.g. harvesting) but also secondary factors (e.g. climate) to population decline may be necessary.
Implications: Reducing hunting pressure would be necessary for the recovery of the bobwhite population at our study site. In addition, an adaptive harvest management strategy that considers weather conditions in setting harvest quota would help reverse the population decline further.
Additional keywords: elasticity analysis, harvest management, LTRE analysis, management scenarios, stochastic demography, weather conditions.
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