Acceptability and consensus for the management of game and non-game crop raiders
Vasileios J. Kontsiotis A , Georgios Vadikolios A and Vasilios Liordos
A B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Forestry and Natural Environment, International Hellenic University, PO Box 172, 66100 Drama, Greece.
B Corresponding author. Email: liordos@for.ihu.gr
Wildlife Research 47(4) 296-308 https://doi.org/10.1071/WR19083
Submitted: 13 May 2019 Accepted: 23 November 2019 Published: 5 June 2020
Abstract
Context: Wild boars (Sus scrofa) and European badgers (Meles meles) have been increasingly implicated in crop damage in Greece. The species’ increasing presence on agricultural land has also raised concern about disease transmission to livestock and humans. Greece does not have any plans for the management of these situations, because they have only recently emerged. Understanding public preferences for management strategies is necessary for the successful implementation of management plans.
Aims: To survey residents of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace, north-eastern Greece, to understand variation between stakeholder groups in preferences for the management of wild boars and European badgers in different scenarios.
Methods: Data were collected from on-site face-to-face surveys (n = 585), between September and November 2017. Respondents, assigned to one of general public, farmers, hunters and farmer-hunter groups, were asked to rate their acceptability of wild boar and European badger management strategies under four conflict scenarios: wild boars and European badgers raid crops and transfer disease.
Key results: Stakeholders preferred less invasive strategies for the management of crop raiders, although they accepted lethal control in the more severe disease-transmission scenarios. Potential for conflict was higher for non-lethal control in the crop-raiding scenarios and for lethal control in the disease-transmission scenarios. Farmers and farmer-hunters were the groups more strongly supporting management strategies in all scenarios. Hunters were more reluctant to accept the reduction in numbers of a game species (i.e. the wild boar) than of a non-game species (i.e. the European badger).
Conclusions: Variation in the acceptability of and consensus for wild boar and European badger management strategies was considerable, both among and within groups.
Implications: Findings are a critical guide for the design of a conflict-management process aimed at reaching consensus for proper management strategies. This would allow for the successful management of human conflicts over wildlife.
Additional keywords: behaviour, environment, foraging, human dimensions, management strategies, pest management, vertebrates, wildlife management.
References
Abdou, M., Frankena, K., O’Keeffe, J., and Byrne, A. W. (2016). Effect of culling and vaccination on bovine tuberculosis infection in a European badger (Meles meles) population by spatial simulation modelling. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 125, 19–30.| Effect of culling and vaccination on bovine tuberculosis infection in a European badger (Meles meles) population by spatial simulation modelling.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26774448PubMed |
Agee, J. D., and Miller, C. A. (2009). Factors contributing toward acceptance of lethal control of black bears in central Georgia, USA. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 14, 198–205.
| Factors contributing toward acceptance of lethal control of black bears in central Georgia, USA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Apollonio, M., Andersen, R., and Putman, R. (2010). ‘European Ungulates and Their Management in the 21st Century.’ (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.)
Ballari, S. A., and Barrios-García, M. N. (2014). A review of wild boar Sus scrofa diet and factors affecting food selection in native and introduced ranges. Mammal Review 44, 124–134.
| A review of wild boar Sus scrofa diet and factors affecting food selection in native and introduced ranges.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Barea-Azcón, J. M., Ballesteros-Duperón, E., Gil-Sánchez, J. M., and Virgós, E. (2010). Badger Meles meles feeding ecology in dry Mediterranean environments of the southwest edge of its distribution range. Acta Theriologica 55, 45–52.
| Badger Meles meles feeding ecology in dry Mediterranean environments of the southwest edge of its distribution range.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Barua, M. (2010). Whose issue? Representations of human–elephant conflict in Indian and international media. Science Communication 32, 55–75.
| Whose issue? Representations of human–elephant conflict in Indian and international media.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bengsen, A. J., Gentle, M. N., Mitchell, J. L., Pearson, H. E., and Saunders, G. R. (2014). Impacts and management of wild pigs Sus scrofa in Australia. Mammal Review 44, 135–147.
| Impacts and management of wild pigs Sus scrofa in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bennett, R. M., and Willis, K. G. (2008). Public values for badgers, bovine TB reduction and management strategies. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 51, 511–523.
| Public values for badgers, bovine TB reduction and management strategies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bíl, M., Andrášik, R., Duľa, M., and Sedoník, J. (2019). On reliable identification of factors influencing wildlife–vehicle collisions along roads. Journal of Environmental Management 237, 297–304.
| On reliable identification of factors influencing wildlife–vehicle collisions along roads.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30807975PubMed |
Caplenor, C. A., Poudyal, N. C., Muller, L. I., and Yoest, C. (2017). Assessing landowners’ attitudes toward wild hogs and support for control options. Journal of Environmental Management 201, 45–51.
| Assessing landowners’ attitudes toward wild hogs and support for control options.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28636972PubMed |
Delahay, R. J., Walker, N., Smith, G. C., Wilkinson, D., Clifton-Hadley, R. S., Cheeseman, C. L., Tomlinson, A. J., and Chambers, M. A. (2013). Long-term temporal trends and estimated transmission rates for Mycobacterium bovis infection in an undisturbed high-density badger (Meles meles) population. Epidemiology and Infection 141, 1445–1456.
| Long-term temporal trends and estimated transmission rates for Mycobacterium bovis infection in an undisturbed high-density badger (Meles meles) population.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23537573PubMed |
Doney, E. D., Bath, A. J., and Vaske, J. J. (2018). Understanding conflict and consensus regarding wood bison management in Alaska, USA. Wildlife Research 45, 229–236.
| Understanding conflict and consensus regarding wood bison management in Alaska, USA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
ELGA (Greek Agricultural Insurance Organisation) (2019). Insurance and financial support. Available at http://www.elga.gr/asfalisi-kai-enisxyseis [verified April 2019].
ELSTAT (Hellenic Statistical Authority) (2011). Population Census 2011. Available at http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/PAGE-census2011 [verified April 2019].
Engel, M. T., Vaske, J. J., Bath, A. J., and Marchini, S. (2017). Attitudes toward jaguars and pumas and the acceptability of killing big cats in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest: an application of the potential for conflict index. Ambio 46, 604–612.
| Attitudes toward jaguars and pumas and the acceptability of killing big cats in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest: an application of the potential for conflict index.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28188582PubMed |
Enticott, G. (2015). Public attitudes to badger culling to control bovine tuberculosis in rural Wales. European Journal of Wildlife Research 61, 387–398.
| Public attitudes to badger culling to control bovine tuberculosis in rural Wales.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Frank, B., Monaco, A., and Bath, A. (2015). Beyond standard wildlife management: a pathway to encompass human dimension findings in wild boar management. European Journal of Wildlife Research 61, 723–730.
| Beyond standard wildlife management: a pathway to encompass human dimension findings in wild boar management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Frodeman, R., Thompson Klein, J., and Pacheco, R. C. S. (2017). ‘The Oxford Handbook of Interdisciplinarity.’ 2nd edn. (Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK.)
García-Jiménez, W. L., Fernández-Llario, P., Benítez-Medina, J. M., Cerrato, R., Cuesta, J., García-Sánchez, A., Gonçalves, P., Martínez, R., Risco, D., Salguero, F. J., Serrano, E., Gómez, L., and Hermoso de Mendoza, J. (2013). Reducing Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa) population density as a measure for bovine tuberculosis control: effects in wild boar and a sympatric fallow deer (Dama dama) population in central Spain. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 110, 435–446.
| Reducing Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa) population density as a measure for bovine tuberculosis control: effects in wild boar and a sympatric fallow deer (Dama dama) population in central Spain.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23490145PubMed |
Gilbert, M., Mitchell, A., Bourn, D., Mawdsley, J., Clifton-Hadley, R., and Wint, W. (2005). Cattle movements and bovine tuberculosis in Great Britain. Nature 435, 491–496.
| Cattle movements and bovine tuberculosis in Great Britain.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15917808PubMed |
Gortázar, C., Delahay, R. J., McDonald, R. A., Boadella, M., Wilson, G. J., Gavier‐Widen, D., and Acevedo, P. (2012). The status of tuberculosis in European wild mammals. Mammal Review 42, 193–206.
| The status of tuberculosis in European wild mammals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Griffin, J. M., Williams, D. H., Kelly, G. E., Clegg, T. A., O’Boyle, I., Collins, J. D., and More, S. J. (2005). The impact of badger removal on the control of tuberculosis in cattle herds in Ireland. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 67, 237–266.
| The impact of badger removal on the control of tuberculosis in cattle herds in Ireland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15748755PubMed |
Harper, E. E., Miller, C. A., Vaske, J. J., Mengak, M. T., and Bruno, S. (2016). Stakeholder attitudes and beliefs toward wild pigs in Georgia and Illinois. Wildlife Society Bulletin 40, 269–273.
| Stakeholder attitudes and beliefs toward wild pigs in Georgia and Illinois.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Herrero, J., García-Serrano, A., Couto, S., Ortuño, V. M., and García-González, R. (2006). Diet of wild boar Sus scrofa L. and crop damage in an intensive agroecosystem. European Journal of Wildlife Research 52, 245–250.
| Diet of wild boar Sus scrofa L. and crop damage in an intensive agroecosystem.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Honda, T., Kuwata, H., Yamasaki, S., and Miyagawa, Y. (2011). A low-cost, low-labor-intensity electric fence effective against wild boar, sika deer, Japanese macaque and medium-sized mammals. Mammal Study 36, 113–117.
| A low-cost, low-labor-intensity electric fence effective against wild boar, sika deer, Japanese macaque and medium-sized mammals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hone, J. (2002). Feral pigs in Namadgi National Park, Australia: dynamics, impacts and management. Biological Conservation 105, 231–242.
| Feral pigs in Namadgi National Park, Australia: dynamics, impacts and management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
IBM Corporation (2012). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0. (IBM Corporation: Armonk, NY.)
Jacobs, M. H., Vaske, J. J., and Sijtsma, M. T. J. (2014). Predictive potential of wildlife value orientations for acceptability of management interventions. Journal for Nature Conservation 22, 377–383.
| Predictive potential of wildlife value orientations for acceptability of management interventions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jacobson, S. K., McDuff, M. D., and Monroe, M. C. (2015). ‘Conservation Education and Outreach Techniques.’ 2nd edn. (Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK.)
Kellert, S. (1980). American’s attitudes toward and knowledge of animals: an update. International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems 1, 87–119.
Keuling, O., Strauß, E., and Siebert, U. (2016). Regulating wild boar populations is ‘somebody else’s problem’! Human dimension in wild boar management. The Science of the Total Environment 554–555, 311–319.
| Regulating wild boar populations is ‘somebody else’s problem’! Human dimension in wild boar management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26956178PubMed |
Kontsiotis, V. J., Bakaloudis, D. E., and Liordos, V. (2018). Impact of European wild rabbits foraging in different habitat and vegetation types in an insular environment. Mammalia 82, 193–196.
| Impact of European wild rabbits foraging in different habitat and vegetation types in an insular environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kranz, A., Abramov, A. V., Herrero, J., and Maran, T. (2016). Meles meles. In ‘The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T29673A45203002’. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T29673A45203002.en [verified August 2019]
Kruuk, H. (1989). ‘The Social Badger.’ (Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK.)
Kruuk, H., and Parish, T. (1981). Feeding specialization of the European badger Meles meles in Scotland. Journal of Animal Ecology 50, 773–788.
| Feeding specialization of the European badger Meles meles in Scotland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Krymkowski, D. H., Manning, R. E., and Valliere, W. A. (2009). Norm crystallization: measurement and comparative analysis. Leisure Sciences 31, 403–416.
| Norm crystallization: measurement and comparative analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Larivière, S., and Jennings, A. P. (2009). Family Mustelidae (weasels and relatives). In ‘Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Vol. 1: Carnivores’. (Eds D. E. Wilson and R. A. Mittermeier.) pp. 564–656. (Lynx Edicions: Barcelona, Spain.)
Liordos, V., Kontsiotis, V. J., Georgari, M., Baltzi, K., and Baltzi, I. (2017). Public acceptance of management methods under different human–wildlife conflict scenarios. The Science of the Total Environment 579, 685–693.
| Public acceptance of management methods under different human–wildlife conflict scenarios.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27871752PubMed |
Lowe, S., Browne, M., Boudjelas, S., and De Poorter, M. (2004). ‘100 of the World’s Worst Invasive Alien Species: a Selection from the Global Invasive Species Database.’ (The Invasive Species Specialist Group, Species Survival Commission, IUCN: Auckland, New Zealand.)
Madden, F. (2004). Creating coexistence between humans and wildlife: global perspectives on local efforts to address human–wildlife conflict. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 9, 247–257.
| Creating coexistence between humans and wildlife: global perspectives on local efforts to address human–wildlife conflict.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Manfredo, M. J. (2008). ‘Who Cares about Wildlife?’ (Springer: New York, NY, USA.)
Marshall, K., White, R., and Fischer, A. (2007). Conflicts between humans over wildlife management: on the diversity of stakeholder attitudes and implications for conflict management. Biodiversity and Conservation 16, 3129–3146.
| Conflicts between humans over wildlife management: on the diversity of stakeholder attitudes and implications for conflict management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Massei, G., Sugoto, R., and Bunting, R. (2011). Too many hogs? A review of methods to mitigate impact by wild boar and feral hogs. Human Wildlife Interactions 5, 79–99.
McDonald, J. L., Robertson, A., and Silk, M. J. (2018). Wildlife disease ecology from the individual to the population: insights from a long‐term study of a naturally infected European badger population. Journal of Animal Ecology 87, 101–112.
| Wildlife disease ecology from the individual to the population: insights from a long‐term study of a naturally infected European badger population.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28815647PubMed |
Meijaard, E., d’Huart, J.-P., and Oliver, W. (2011). Family Suidae (pigs). In ‘Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Vol. 2: Hoofed Mammals’. (Eds D. E. Wilson and R. A. Mittermeier.) pp. 274–291. (Lynx Edicions: Barcelona, Spain.)
Miller, R. S., Sweeney, S. J., Slootmaker, C., Grear, D. A., Di Salvo, P. A., Kiser, D., and Shwiff, S. A. (2017). Cross-species transmission potential between wild pigs, livestock, poultry, wildlife, and humans: implications for disease risk management in North America. Scientific Reports 7, 7821.
| Cross-species transmission potential between wild pigs, livestock, poultry, wildlife, and humans: implications for disease risk management in North America.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28798293PubMed |
Mysterud, A., and Rolandsen, C. M. (2019). Fencing for wildlife disease control. Journal of Applied Ecology 56, 519–525.
| Fencing for wildlife disease control.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Naughton-Treves, L., Grossberg, R., and Treves, A. (2003). Paying for tolerance: rural citizens’ attitudes toward wolf depredation and compensation. Conservation Biology 17, 1500–1511.
| Paying for tolerance: rural citizens’ attitudes toward wolf depredation and compensation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nyhus, P. J. (2016). Human–wildlife conflict and coexistence. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 41, 143–171.
| Human–wildlife conflict and coexistence.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
O’Hagan, M. J. H., Matthews, D. I., Laird, C., and McDowell, S. W. J. (2016). Farmers’ beliefs about bovine tuberculosis control in northern Ireland. Veterinary Journal 212, 22–26.
| Farmers’ beliefs about bovine tuberculosis control in northern Ireland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Oliver, W., and Leus, K. (2008). Sus scrofa. In ‘The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T41775A10559847’. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T41775A10559847.en [verified August 2019]
Palmer, M. V., Thacker, T. C., Waters, W., Gortázar, C., and Corner, L. A. (2012). Mycobacterium bovis: a model pathogen at the interface of livestock, wildlife, and humans. Veterinary Medicine International 2012, 236205.
| Mycobacterium bovis: a model pathogen at the interface of livestock, wildlife, and humans.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23213628PubMed |
Peterson, M. N., Birckhead, J. L., Leong, K., Peterson, M. J., and Peterson, T. R. (2010). Rearticulating the myth of human–wildlife conflict. Conservation Letters 3, 74–82.
| Rearticulating the myth of human–wildlife conflict.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Poole, D. W., McKillop, I. G., Western, G., Hancocks, P. J., and Packer, J. J. (2002). Effectiveness of an electric fence to reduce badger (Meles meles) damage to field crops. Crop Protection 21, 409–417.
| Effectiveness of an electric fence to reduce badger (Meles meles) damage to field crops.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Redpath, S. M., Young, J., Evely, A., Adams, W. M., Sutherland, W. J., Whitehouse, A., Amar, A., Lambert, R. A., Linnell, J. D. C., Watt, A., and Gutiérrez, R. J. (2013). Understanding and managing conservation conflicts. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 28, 100–109.
| Understanding and managing conservation conflicts.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Redpath, S. M., Bhatia, S., and Young, J. (2015). Tilting at wildlife: reconsidering human–wildlife conflict. Oryx 49, 222–225.
| Tilting at wildlife: reconsidering human–wildlife conflict.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Requena-Mullor, J. M., López, E., Castro, A. J., Virgós, E., and Castro, H. (2016). Landscape influence on the feeding habits of European badger (Meles meles) in arid Spain. Mammal Research 61, 197–207.
| Landscape influence on the feeding habits of European badger (Meles meles) in arid Spain.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Reviriego Gordejo, F. J., and Vermeersch, J. P. (2006). Towards eradication of bovine tuberculosis in the European Union. Veterinary Microbiology 112, 101–109.
| Towards eradication of bovine tuberculosis in the European Union.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16388921PubMed |
Rodríguez, A., and Delibes, M. (1992). Food habits of badgers (Meles meles) in an arid habitat. Journal of Zoology 227, 347–350.
| Food habits of badgers (Meles meles) in an arid habitat.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rosalino, L. M., and Santos-Reis, M. (2009). Fruit consumption by carnivores in Mediterranean Europe. Mammal Review 39, 67–78.
| Fruit consumption by carnivores in Mediterranean Europe.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rosalino, L. M., Guedes, D., Cabecinha, D., Serronha, A., Grilo, C., Santos-Reis, M., Monterroso, P., Carvalho, J., Fonseca, C., Pardavila, X., Virgós, E., and Hipólito, D. (2019). Climate and landscape changes as driving forces for future range shift in southern populations of the European badger. Scientific Reports 9, 3155.
| Climate and landscape changes as driving forces for future range shift in southern populations of the European badger.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30816237PubMed |
Schley, L., and Roper, T. J. (2003). Diet of wild boar, Sus scrofa, in western Europe, with particular reference to consumption of agricultural crops. Mammal Review 33, 43–56.
| Diet of wild boar, Sus scrofa, in western Europe, with particular reference to consumption of agricultural crops.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sponarski, C. C., Vaske, J. J., and Bath, A. J. (2015). Differences in management action acceptability for coyotes in a National Park. Wildlife Society Bulletin 39, 239–247.
| Differences in management action acceptability for coyotes in a National Park.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Teel, T. L., and Manfredo, M. J. (2010). Understanding the diversity of public interests in wildlife conservation. Conservation Biology 24, 128–139.
| Understanding the diversity of public interests in wildlife conservation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19961511PubMed |
Treves, A., Wallace, R. B., Naughton-Treves, L., and Morales, A. (2006). Co-managing human–wildlife conflicts: a review. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 11, 383–396.
| Co-managing human–wildlife conflicts: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tsachalidis, E., and Hadjisterkotis, E. (2008). Wild boar hunting and socioeconomic trends in northern Greece, 1993 – 2002. European Journal of Wildlife Research 54, 643–649.
| Wild boar hunting and socioeconomic trends in northern Greece, 1993 – 2002.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tsiodras, S., Dougas, G., Baka, A., Billinis, C., Doudounakis, S., Balaska, A., Georgakopoulou, T., Rigakos, G., Kontos, V., Tasioudi, K. E., Tzani, M., Tsarouxa, P., Iliadou, P., Mangana-Vougiouka, O., Iliopoulos, D., Sapounas, S., Efstathiou, P., Tsakris, A., Hadjichristodoulou, C., and Kremastinou, J. (2013). Re-emergence of animal rabies in northern Greece and subsequent human exposure, October 2012 – March 2013. Eurosurveillance 18, 20474.
| 23725773PubMed |
Vaske, J. J. (2008). ‘Survey Research and Analysis: Applications in Parks, Recreation and Human Dimensions.’ (Venture Publishing: State College, PA, USA.)
Vaske, J. J., Beaman, J., Barreto, H., and Shelby, L. B. (2010). An extension and further validation of the potential for conflict index. Leisure Sciences 32, 240–254.
| An extension and further validation of the potential for conflict index.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Virgós, E., Mangas, J. G., Blanco-Aguiar, J. A., Garrote, G., Almagro, N., and Viso, R. P. (2004). Food habits of the European badger (Meles meles) along an altitudinal gradient of Mediterranean environments: a field test of the earthworm specialization hypothesis. Canadian Journal of Zoology 82, 41–51.
| Food habits of the European badger (Meles meles) along an altitudinal gradient of Mediterranean environments: a field test of the earthworm specialization hypothesis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Warren, M., Lobley, M., and Winter, M. (2013). Farmer attitudes to vaccination and culling of badgers in controlling bovine tuberculosis. The Veterinary Record 173, 40.
| Farmer attitudes to vaccination and culling of badgers in controlling bovine tuberculosis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23775132PubMed |
Watkins, C., Caplenor, C. A., Poudyal, N. C., Muller, L. I., and Yoest, C. (2019). Comparing landowner support for wild hog management options in Tennessee. Journal of Environmental Management 232, 722–728.
| Comparing landowner support for wild hog management options in Tennessee.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30529414PubMed |
West, B. C., and Parkhurst, J. A. (2002). Interactions between deer damage, deer density, and stakeholder attitudes in Virginia. Wildlife Society Bulletin 30, 139–147.
White, L. A., and Gehrt, S. D. (2009). Coyote attacks on humans in the United States and Canada. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 14, 419–432.
| Coyote attacks on humans in the United States and Canada.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Williams, E. S., and Barker, I. K. (Eds) (2008). ‘Infectious Diseases of Wild Mammals.’ 3rd edn. (John Wiley & Sons: New York, NY, USA.)
Woodroffe, R., Thirgood, S., and Rabinowitz, A. (Eds) (2005). ‘People and Wildlife, Conflict or Co-existence?’ 2nd edn. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.)
Young, J. C., Searle, K., Butler, A., Simmons, P., Watt, A. D., and Jordan, A. (2016). The role of trust in the resolution of conservation conflicts. Biological Conservation 195, 196–202.
| The role of trust in the resolution of conservation conflicts.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zimmerman, J. J., Karriker, L. A., Ramirez, A., Schwartz, K. J., and Stevenson, G. W. (Eds) (2012). ‘Diseases of Swine.’ 10th edn. (Wiley-Blackwell: Chichester, UK.)
