Invasive predators represent the greatest extinction threat to the endangered northern bettong (Bettongia tropica)
Tegan Whitehead A C , Karl Vernes B , Miriam Goosem A and Sandra E. Abell A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld 4878, Australia.
B Ecosystem Management, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
C Corresponding author. Email: tegan.whitehead@my.jcu.edu.au
Wildlife Research 45(3) 208-219 https://doi.org/10.1071/WR16103
Submitted: 21 July 2017 Accepted: 9 March 2018 Published: 10 May 2018
Abstract
Context: Identification of key threats to endangered species is vital for devising effective management strategies, but may be hindered when relevant data is limited. A population viability approach may overcome this problem.
Aims: We aimed to determine the population viability of endangered northern bettongs (Bettongia tropica) in north-eastern Australia. We also assessed the key threats to the population resilience and how the population viability responds to increases in mortality rates and changes in fire and drought frequency.
Methods: Using population viability analysis (PVA) we modelled survival probability of B. tropica populations under likely scenarios, including: (1) increased predation; (2) changes in drought and fire frequency predicted with anthropogenic climate change; and (3) synergistic effects of predation, fire and drought.
Key results: Population viability models suggest that populations are highly vulnerable to increases in predation by feral cats (Felis catus), and potentially red fox (Vulpes vulpes) should they colonise the area, as juvenile mortality is the main age class driving population viability. If B. tropica become more vulnerable to predators during post-fire vegetation recovery, more frequent fires could exacerbate effects of low-level cat predation. In contrast, it was predicted that populations would be resilient to the greater frequency of droughts expected as a result of climate change, with high probabilities of extinctions only predicted under the unprecedented and unlikely scenario of four drought years in 10. However, since drought and fire are interlinked, the impacts of predation could be more severe with climate change should predation and fire interact to increase B. tropica mortality risk.
Conclusion: Like other Potoroids, B. tropica appear highly vulnerable to predation by introduced mammalian predators such as feral cats.
Implications: Managers need information allowing them to recognise scenarios when populations are most vulnerable to potential threats, such as drought, fire and predation. PVA modelling can assess scenarios and allow pro-active management based on predicted responses rather than requiring collection of extensive field data before management actions. Our analysis suggests that assessing and controlling predator populations and thereby minimising predation, particularly of juveniles, should assist in maintaining stability of populations of the northern bettong.
Additional keywords: climate change, feral cats, population viability analysis, pro-active management, survival rates.
References
Abell, S., Gadek, P., Pearce, C., and Congdon, B. (2006). Seasonal resource availability and use by an endangered tropical mycophagous marsupial. Biological Conservation 132, 533–540.| Seasonal resource availability and use by an endangered tropical mycophagous marsupial.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Akcakaya, H., and Sjogren-Gulve, P. (2000). The use of population viability analyses in conservation planning. Ecological Bulletins 48, 9–21.
Bateman, B. (2010). Beyond simple means: integrating extreme events and biotic interactions in species distribution models: conservation implications for the northern bettong (Bettongia tropica) under climate change. PhD thesis, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.
Bateman, B., and Johnson, C. (2011). The influences of climate, habitat and fire on the distribution of cockatoo grass (Alloteropsis semialata) (Poaceae) in the Wet Tropics of northern Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 59, 315–323.
| The influences of climate, habitat and fire on the distribution of cockatoo grass (Alloteropsis semialata) (Poaceae) in the Wet Tropics of northern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bateman, B., Abell-Davis, S., and Johnson, C. (2011a). Climate-driven variation in food availability between the core and range edge of the endangered northern bettong (Bettongia tropica). Australian Journal of Zoology 59, 177–185.
| Climate-driven variation in food availability between the core and range edge of the endangered northern bettong (Bettongia tropica).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bateman, B., VanDerWal, J., and Johnson, C. (2011b). Nice weather for bettongs: using weather events, not climate means, in species distribution models. Ecography 35, 306–314.
| Nice weather for bettongs: using weather events, not climate means, in species distribution models.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Beissinger, S., Nicholson, E., and Possingham, H. (2008). Application of population viability analysis landscape conservation planning. In ‘Models for Planning Wildlife Conservation in Large Landscapes’. (Eds J. Millspaugh and F. Thompson.) pp. 33–46. (Academic Press: Cambridge, MA.)
Berg, L. (2007). Ecosystems. In ‘Introductory Botany: Plants, People, and the Environment’. (Ed. L. Berg.) pp. 516–527. (Thomas Learning Academic Resource Centre: Belmont, CA.)
Brook, B., O’Grady, J., Chapman, A., Burgman, M., Akçakaya, H., and Frankham, R. (2000). Predictive accuracy of population viability analysis in conservation biology. Nature 404, 385–387.
| Predictive accuracy of population viability analysis in conservation biology.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXitlyls7g%3D&md5=275329fb01ad1402a4d3eaea32a54b82CAS |
Brook, B. W., Sodhi, N. S., and Bradshaw, C. J. A. (2008). Synergies among extinction drivers under global change. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 23, 453–460.
| Synergies among extinction drivers under global change.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bureau of Meteorology (2014). Rainfall Deficiencies. (Commonwealth of Australia: Canberra.) Available at http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/drought
Bureau of Meteorology (2016). Climate Data Online. (Bureau of Meteorology: Melbourne.) Available at http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/data/
Burnett, S., and Winter, J. (2008). Bettongia tropica. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland. Available at http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/2787/0
Chapman, A. (2009). Numbers of living species in Australia and the World. Report for the Australian Biological Resources Study, Toowoomba, Australia. Available at https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/pages/ 2ee3f4a1-f130-465b-9c7a-79373680a067/files/nlsaw-2nd-complete.pdf
Christensen, P. (1980). The biology of Bettongia penicillata Grey, 1837, and Macropus eugenii (Desmarest, 1817) in relation to fire. Forests Department of Western Australia, Perth.
Clayton, J., Pavey, C., Vernes, K., and Tighe, M. (2014). Review and analysis of Australian macropod translocations 1969–2006. Mammal Review 44, 109–123.
| Review and analysis of Australian macropod translocations 1969–2006.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Coulson, T., Mace, G., Hudson, E., and Possingham, H. (2001). The use and abuse of population viability analysis. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 16, 219–221.
| The use and abuse of population viability analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC2sbksVSqtg%3D%3D&md5=55de3f79621eb8fd1c0d8886e531b167CAS |
Dennis, A. (2001). Recovery plan for the northern bettong Bettongia tropica 2000–2004. Report to Environment Australia, Canberra.
Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (2016). European red fox. Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Brisbane. Available at https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/73810/IPA-Fox-PA13.pdf
Department of Environment (2013). EPBC Act List of Threatened Fauna. Australian Government, Canberra. Available at http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicthreatenedlist.pl
Department of Environment (2015). Threat abatement plan for predation by feral cats. Australian Government, Canberra. Available at http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/tap/threat- abatement-plan-feral-cats
Didham, R., Tylianakis, J., Gemmell, N., Rand, T., and Ewers, R. (2007). Interactive effects of habitat modification and species invasion on native species decline. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 22, 489–496.
| Interactive effects of habitat modification and species invasion on native species decline.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Duncan, C., Chauvenet, A., McRae, L., and Pettorelli, N. (2012). Predicting the future impact of droughts on ungulate populations in arid and semi-arid environments. PLoS One 7, 1–9.
| Predicting the future impact of droughts on ungulate populations in arid and semi-arid environments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Evans, M., Watson, J., Fuller, R., Venter, O., Bennett, S., Marsack, P., and Possingham, H. (2011). The spatial distribution of threats to species in Australia. Bioscience 61, 281–289.
| The spatial distribution of threats to species in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fancourt, B. (2014). Rapid decline in detections of the Tasmanian bettong (Bettongia gaimardi) following local incursion of feral cats (Felis catus). Australian Mammalogy 36, 247–253.
| Rapid decline in detections of the Tasmanian bettong (Bettongia gaimardi) following local incursion of feral cats (Felis catus).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ferguson, J., and Ponciano, J. (2014). Predicting the process of extinction in experimental microcosms and accounting for interspecific interactions in single-species time series. Ecology Letters 17, 251–259.
| Predicting the process of extinction in experimental microcosms and accounting for interspecific interactions in single-species time series.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fisher, D., Blomberg, S., and Owens, I. (2003). Extrinsic versus intrinsic factors in the decline and extinction of Australian marsupials. Proceedings. Biological Sciences 270, 1801–1808.
| Extrinsic versus intrinsic factors in the decline and extinction of Australian marsupials.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fisher, D., Johnson, C., Lawes, M., Fritz, S., McCallum, H., Blomberg, S., VanDerWal, J., Abbott, B., Frank, A., Legge, S., Letnic, M., Thomas, C., Fisher, A., Gordon, I., and Kutt, A. (2014). The current decline of tropical marsupials in Australia: is history repeating? Global Ecology and Biogeography 23, 181–190.
| The current decline of tropical marsupials in Australia: is history repeating?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gerber, L., and González-Suárez, M. (2010). Population viability analysis: origins and contributions. Nature Education Knowledge 3, 15–20.
Gibson, D., Lundie-Jenkins, G., Langford, D., Cole, J., Clarke, D., and Johnson, K. (1994). Predation by feral cats, Felis catus, on the rufous hare-wallaby, Lagorchestes hirsutus, in the Tanami Desert. Australian Mammalogy 17, 103–107.
Harrington, G., and Sanderson, K. (1994). Recent contraction of wet sclerophyll forest in the Wet Tropics of Queensland due to invasion by rainforest. Pacific Conservation Biology 1, 319–327.
Harris, J., and Leitner, P. (2004). Home-range size and use of space by adult mohave ground squirrels, Spermophilus mohavensis. Journal of Mammalogy 85, 517–523.
| Home-range size and use of space by adult mohave ground squirrels, Spermophilus mohavensis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Harrison, D., and Congdon, B. (2002). Wet Tropics Vertebrate Pest Risk Assessment Scheme. Cooperative Research Centre for Tropical Rainforest Ecology and Management, Cairns.
Heinsohn, R., Lacy, R., Lindenmayer, D., Marsh, H., Kwan, D., and Lawler, I. (2004). Unsustainable harvest of dugongs in Torres Strait and Cape York (Australia) waters: two case studies using population viability analysis. Animal Conservation 7, 417–425.
| Unsustainable harvest of dugongs in Torres Strait and Cape York (Australia) waters: two case studies using population viability analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Heinsohn, R., Webb, M., Lacy, R., Terauds, A., Alderman, R., and Stojanovic, D. (2015). A severe predator-induced population decline predicted for endangered, migratory swift parrots (Lathamus discolor). Biological Conservation 186, 75–82.
| A severe predator-induced population decline predicted for endangered, migratory swift parrots (Lathamus discolor).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hilbert, D., Graham, A., and Parker, T. (2001). Tall open forest and woodland habitats in the Wet Tropics: responses to climate and implications for the northern bettong (Bettongia tropica). CSIRO Tropical Forest Research Centre and the Rainforest CRC, Cairns.
Hoffmann, A., and Parsons, P. (1997). Conservation and future environmental change. In ‘Extreme Environmental Change and Evolution’. (Eds A. Hoffmann and P. Parsons.) pp. 206–257. (Cambridge University Press: Melbourne.)
Hughes, L. (2003). Climate change and Australia: trends, projections and impacts. Austral Ecology 28, 423–443.
| Climate change and Australia: trends, projections and impacts.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Isaac, J. (2009). Effects of climate change on life history: implications for extinction risk in mammals. Endangered Species Research 7, 115–123.
| Effects of climate change on life history: implications for extinction risk in mammals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Johnson, P., and Delean, S. (2001). Reproduction in the northern bettong, Bettongia tropica Wakefield (Marsupialia:Potoroidae), in captivity, with age estimation and development of pouch young. Wildlife Research 28, 79–85.
| Reproduction in the northern bettong, Bettongia tropica Wakefield (Marsupialia:Potoroidae), in captivity, with age estimation and development of pouch young.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Johnson, C., and McIlwee, A. (1997). Ecology of the northern bettong, Bettongia tropica, a tropical mycophagist. Wildlife Research 24, 549–559.
| Ecology of the northern bettong, Bettongia tropica, a tropical mycophagist.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Johnson, C., Isaac, J., and Fisher, D. (2007). Rarity of a top predator triggers continent-wide collapse of mammal prey: dingoes and marsupials in Australia. Proceedings. Biological Sciences 274, 341–346.
| Rarity of a top predator triggers continent-wide collapse of mammal prey: dingoes and marsupials in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kirono, D., Kent, D., Hennessy, K., and Mpelasoka, F. (2011). Characteristics of Australian droughts under enhanced greenhouse conditions: results from 14 global climate models. Journal of Arid Environments 75, 566–575.
| Characteristics of Australian droughts under enhanced greenhouse conditions: results from 14 global climate models.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kothavala, Z. (1999). The duration and severity of drought over eastern Australia simulated by a coupled ocean–atmosphere GCM with a transient increase in CO2. Environmental Modelling & Software 14, 243–252.
| The duration and severity of drought over eastern Australia simulated by a coupled ocean–atmosphere GCM with a transient increase in CO2.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kovacs, E., Crowther, M., Webb, J., and Dickman, C. (2012). Population and behavioural responses of native prey to alien predation. Oecologia 168, 947–957.
| Population and behavioural responses of native prey to alien predation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lacy, R. (2000). Structure of the VORTEX simulation model for population viability analysis. Ecological Bulletins 48, 191–203.
Laurance, W. (1997). A distributional survey and habitat model for the endangered northern bettong Bettongia tropica in tropical Queensland. Biological Conservation 82, 47–60.
| A distributional survey and habitat model for the endangered northern bettong Bettongia tropica in tropical Queensland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lindenmayer, D., and Possingham, H. (1996). Ranking conservation and timber management options for leadbeater’s possum in southeastern Australia using population viability analysis. Conservation Biology 10, 235–251.
| Ranking conservation and timber management options for leadbeater’s possum in southeastern Australia using population viability analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lucas, C., Hennessy, K., Mills, G., and Bathols, J. (2007). Bushfire weather in southeast Australia: recent trends and projected climate change impacts. Consultancy report prepared for the Climate Institute of Australia, Canberra. http://www.climateinstitute.org.au/verve/_resources/ fullreportbushfire.pdf
Marlow, N., Thomas, N. D., Williams, A. A. E., Macmahon, B., Lawson, J., Hitchen, Y., Angus, J., and Berry, O. (2015). Cats (Felis catus) are more abundant and are the dominant predator of woylies (Bettongia penicillata) after sustained fox (Vulpes vulpes) control. Australian Journal of Zoology 63, 18–27.
| Cats (Felis catus) are more abundant and are the dominant predator of woylies (Bettongia penicillata) after sustained fox (Vulpes vulpes) control.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Maxwell, S., Burbidge, A., and Morris, K. (1996). The 1996 action plan for Australian marsupials and monotremes. Department of Environment, Canberra. https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/16355029?selectedversion=NBD12945387
McKenzie, N., Burbidge, A., Baynes, A., Brereton, R., Dickman, C., Gordon, G., Gibson, L., Menkhorst, P., Robinson, A., Williams, M., and Woinarski, J. (2007). Analysis of factors implicated in the recent decline of Australia’s mammal fauna. Journal of Biogeography 34, 597–611.
| Analysis of factors implicated in the recent decline of Australia’s mammal fauna.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Monamy, V., and Fox, B. (2000). Small mammal succession is determined by vegetation density rather than time elapsed since disturbance. Austral Ecology 25, 580–587.
| Small mammal succession is determined by vegetation density rather than time elapsed since disturbance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Morton, S. (1990). The impact of European settlement on the vertebrate animals of arid Australia: a conceptual model. In ‘Australian Ecosystems: 200 Years of Utilisation, Degradation and Reconstruction’. (Eds D. Saunders, A. Hopkins and R. How.) pp. 201–213. (Ecological Society of Australia: Canberra.)
Pope, L., Estoup, A., and Moritz, C. (2000). Phylogeography and population structure of an ecotonal marsupial, Bettongia tropica, determined using mtDNA and microsatellites. Molecular Ecology 9, 2041–2053.
| Phylogeography and population structure of an ecotonal marsupial, Bettongia tropica, determined using mtDNA and microsatellites.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXot1Oksg%3D%3D&md5=e5e7e53556f288d8be5e544633b8a0a7CAS |
Pope, L., Vernes, K., Goldizen, A., and Johnson, C. (2012). Mating system and local dispersal patterns of an endangered potoroid, the northern bettong (Bettongia tropica). Australian Journal of Zoology 60, 278–287.
| Mating system and local dispersal patterns of an endangered potoroid, the northern bettong (Bettongia tropica).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Priddel, D., and Wheeler, R. (2004). An experimental translocation of brush-tailed bettongs (Bettongia penicillata) to western New South Wales. Wildlife Research 31, 421–432.
| An experimental translocation of brush-tailed bettongs (Bettongia penicillata) to western New South Wales.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Quiggin, J. (2010). Drought, climate change and food prices in Australia. PhD thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228936289_Drought_climate_change_and_food_prices_in_Australia
Risbey, D., Calver, M., Short, J., Bradley, J., and Wright, I. (2000). The impact of cats and foxes on the small vertebrate fauna of Heirisson Prong, Western Australia. II. A field experiment. Wildlife Research 27, 223–235.
| The impact of cats and foxes on the small vertebrate fauna of Heirisson Prong, Western Australia. II. A field experiment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Short, J. (1998). The extinction of rat-kangaroos (Marsupialia: Potoroidae) in New South Wales, Australia. Biological Conservation 86, 365–377.
| The extinction of rat-kangaroos (Marsupialia: Potoroidae) in New South Wales, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Short, J., and Turner, B. (1999). Ecology of burrowing bettongs, Bettongia lesueur (Marsupialia: Potoroidae), on Dorre and Bernier Islands, Western Australia. Wildlife Research 26, 651–669.
| Ecology of burrowing bettongs, Bettongia lesueur (Marsupialia: Potoroidae), on Dorre and Bernier Islands, Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Short, J., and Turner, B. (2000). Reintroduction of the burrowing bettong Bettongia lesueur (Marsupialia: Potoroidae) to mainland Australia. Biological Conservation 96, 185–196.
| Reintroduction of the burrowing bettong Bettongia lesueur (Marsupialia: Potoroidae) to mainland Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sinclair, A. (1996). Mammal populations, fluctuations, regulation and life history theory and their implications for conservation. In ‘Frontiers of Population Ecology’. (Eds D. Floyd, A. Sheppard and P. DeBarro.) pp. 127–154. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.)
Stanton, P., Parsons, M., Stanton, D., and Stott, M. (2014). Fire exclusion and the changing landscape of Queensland’s Wet Tropics Bioregion 2. The dynamics of transition forests and implications for management. Australian Forestry 77, 58–68.
| Fire exclusion and the changing landscape of Queensland’s Wet Tropics Bioregion 2. The dynamics of transition forests and implications for management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Taylor, R. (1993). Home range, nest use and activity of the Tasmanian bettong, Bettongia gaimardi. Wildlife Research 20, 87–95.
| Home range, nest use and activity of the Tasmanian bettong, Bettongia gaimardi.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tng, D., Murphy, B., Weber, E., Sanders, G., Williamson, G., Kemp, J., and Bowman, D. (2012). Humid tropical rain forest has expanded into eucalypt forest and savanna over the last 50 years. Ecology and Evolution 2, 34–45.
| Humid tropical rain forest has expanded into eucalypt forest and savanna over the last 50 years.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Vernes, K. (2000). Immediate effects of fire on survivorship of the northern bettong (Bettongia tropica): an endangered Australian marsupial. Biological Conservation 96, 305–309.
| Immediate effects of fire on survivorship of the northern bettong (Bettongia tropica): an endangered Australian marsupial.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Vernes, K., and Haydon, D. (2001). Effect of fire on northern bettong (Bettongia tropica) foraging behaviour. Austral Ecology 26, 649–659.
| Effect of fire on northern bettong (Bettongia tropica) foraging behaviour.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Vernes, K., and Pope, L. (2001a). Fecundity, pouch young survivorship and breeding season of the northern bettong (Bettongia tropica) in the wild. Australian Mammalogy 23, 95–100.
| Fecundity, pouch young survivorship and breeding season of the northern bettong (Bettongia tropica) in the wild.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Vernes, K., and Pope, L. C. (2001b). Stability of nest range, home range and movement of the northern bettong (Bettongia tropica) following moderate-intensity fire in a tropical woodland, north-eastern Queensland. Wildlife Research 28, 141–150.
| Stability of nest range, home range and movement of the northern bettong (Bettongia tropica) following moderate-intensity fire in a tropical woodland, north-eastern Queensland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Vernes, K., and Pope, L. (2006). Capture success and population density of the northern bettong Bettongia tropica in northeastern Queensland. Australian Mammalogy 28, 87–92.
| Capture success and population density of the northern bettong Bettongia tropica in northeastern Queensland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Vernes, K., Castellano, M., and Johnson, C. (2001). Effects of season and fire on the diversity of hypogeous fungi consumed by a tropical mycophagous marsupial. Journal of Animal Ecology 70, 945–954.
| Effects of season and fire on the diversity of hypogeous fungi consumed by a tropical mycophagous marsupial.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wayne, A., Cowling, A., Lindenmayer, D., Ward, C., Vellios, C., Donnelly, C., and Calver, M. (2006). The abundance of a threatened arboreal marsupial in relation to anthropogenic disturbances at local and landscape scales in Mediterranean-type forests in south-western Australia. Biological Conservation 127, 463–476.
| The abundance of a threatened arboreal marsupial in relation to anthropogenic disturbances at local and landscape scales in Mediterranean-type forests in south-western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Williams, R., Cook, G., Gill, A., and Moore, P. (1999). Fire regime, fire intensity and tree survival in a tropical savanna in northern Australia. Australian Journal of Ecology 24, 50–59.
| Fire regime, fire intensity and tree survival in a tropical savanna in northern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Winter, J. (1992). Population Assessment of the Northern Brush-tailed Bettong on the Mt. Windsor Tableland, North-eastern Queensland. In ‘Distribution of the northern bettong, Bettongia tropica, in north-eastern Australia’. pp. 1–22. (Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage: Brisbane.)
Woinarski, J., Armstrong, M., Brennan, K., Fisher, A., Griffiths, A., Hill, B., Milne, D. J., Palmer, C., Ward, S., Watson, M., Winderlich, S., and Young, S. (2010). Monitoring indicates rapid and severe decline of native small mammals in Kakadu National Park, northern Australia. Wildlife Research 37, 116–126.
| Monitoring indicates rapid and severe decline of native small mammals in Kakadu National Park, northern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Woinarski, J., Legge, S., Fitzsimons, J., Traill, B., Burbidge, A., Fisher, A., Firth, R., Gordon, I., Griffiths, A., Johnson, C., McKenzie, N., Palmer, C., Radford, I., Rankmore, B., Ritchie, E., Ward, S., and Ziembicki, M. (2011). The disappearing mammal fauna of northern Australia: context, cause, and response. Conservation Letters 4, 192–201.
| The disappearing mammal fauna of northern Australia: context, cause, and response.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Yarrow, G. (2009). ‘The Basics of Population Dynamics.’ (Clemson University Cooperative Extension’s Forestry & Natural Resources: Clemson, SC.)
Yeatman, G., and Groom, C. (2012). National recovery plan for the woylie Bettongia penicillata. Wildlife management program No. 51. Department of Environment and Conservation, Perth.
