Effects of culling on vigilance behaviour and endogenous stress response of female fallow deer
I. Pecorella A B E F , F. Ferretti A C D , A. Sforzi A and E. Macchi B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Maremma Natural History Museum, Strada Corsini 4, 58100, Grosseto, Italy.
B Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy.
C Research Unit of Behavioural Ecology, Ethology and Wildlife Management, Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy.
D Maremma Regional Park Agency, Via del Bersagliere 7/9, 58100, Alberese, Grosseto, Italy.
E Present address: Via Giovanni Lerario 86, 57025, Piombino, Italy.
F Corresponding author. Email: ilix86@hotmail.it
Wildlife Research 43(3) 189-196 https://doi.org/10.1071/WR15118
Submitted: 8 June 2015 Accepted: 23 February 2016 Published: 6 May 2016
Abstract
Context: Human activities can induce behavioural and stress responses in wild animals. Information is scarce on the effects of culling on anti-predator behaviour and endogenous stress response of wild ungulates.
Aims: In a Mediterranean area, we evaluated the effects of culling on vigilance, foraging and endogenous stress response of female fallow deer (Dama dama).
Methods: Effects of culling were evaluated through behavioural observations and hormone analyses of faecal samples.
Key results: In an area where culling occurred (C), individuals showed significantly greater vigilance rates and foraged closer to wood than in an area with no culling (NC). In C, 24 h after culling, faecal cortisol concentrations were greater than those recorded in NC, but they decreased significantly to values comparable to (48 h post-shot) and lower than (72 h post-shot) those observed in NC.
Conclusions: Most likely, culling determined behavioural responses in female fallow deer, but did not trigger long-term physiological effects.
Implications: Increased anti-predator behaviour may complicate the implementation of long-term culling programs.
Additional keywords: alertness, anti-predator behaviour, faecal cortisol, group size effect, ungulates.
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