A review of viral and parasitic infections in wild deer in Australia with relevance to livestock and human health
Jose L. Huaman A , Karla J. Helbig A , Teresa G. Carvalho A , Mark Doyle B , Jordan Hampton
C , David M. Forsyth D , Anthony R. Pople E and Carlo Pacioni F G *
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.
B South East Local Land Services, Bega, NSW, Australia.
C Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.
D Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Orange Agricultural Institute, Orange, NSW, Australia.
E Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Invasive Plants and Animals Research, Biosecurity Queensland, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.
F Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.
G Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.
Wildlife Research 50(9) 593-602 https://doi.org/10.1071/WR22118
Submitted: 30 June 2022 Accepted: 28 April 2023 Published: 11 July 2023
© 2023 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)
Abstract
Wild animals harbour a diverse range of pathogens. In Europe and North America, cervids (Family Cervidae) can act as reservoirs for viral, prion, bacterial, and parasitic infections. Wild deer often inhabit agricultural land, therefore representing a biosecurity risk due to their potential ability to transmit diseases to livestock. Multiple studies have investigated the infection status of wild deer in Australia, mostly during the 1970s and 1980s, and deer populations have increased greatly in abundance and distribution since then. Those studies provide an important baseline for the pathogens carried by wild deer in Australia but are limited by small sample size, the small number of deer species studied, and the disease detection methods used. Recent investigations using ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay), PCR-based assays, and next-generation sequencing have substantially increased our understanding of viral and parasitic infections in Australian deer. These studies indicate that deer may act as reservoirs for pathogens such as Pestivirus, Neospora caninum and Entamoeba bovis. The use of next-generation sequencing has led to the discovery of novel viruses such as Picobirnavirus and a novel species of the genus Bopivirus, both of which pose transmission risks for domestic animals. Recent research confirms that wild deer could be a future source of viral and parasitic infections for domestic livestock and other wildlife species.
Keywords: chital deer, fallow deer, genetics, infectious disease, invasive species, pest control, rusa deer, sambar deer, wildlife diseases.
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