High-quality habitats and refuges from tourism reduce individual stress responses in a forest specialist
Sascha Rösner
A B C * , Dana G. Schabo C , Rupert Palme D , Tomáš Lorenc E G , Emily Mussard-Forster B , Roland Brandl A and Jörg Müller B F
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Biology – Animal Ecology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 8, Marburg 35043, Germany.
B Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Straße 2, Grafenau 94481, Germany.
C Department of Biology – Conservation Ecology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 8, Marburg 35043, Germany.
D Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria.
E Šumava National Park and Protected Landscape Area, Sušická 399, Kašperské Hory 34192, Czech Repulic.
F Department Animal Ecology, Julius-Maximilians University Würzburg, Fabrikschleichach, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany.
G Present address: Loretská 869, Horažďovice 341 01, Czech Repulic.
* Correspondence to: sascha.roesner@uni-marburg.de, mail@sascharoesner.de
Handling Editor: Albrecht Schulte-Hostedde
Wildlife Research 50(12) 1071-1084 https://doi.org/10.1071/WR21162
Submitted: 11 November 2021 Accepted: 18 January 2023 Published: 28 February 2023
© 2023 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing
Abstract
Context: The assessment of suitable habitat for a species is often evaluated based merely on where the species is most abundant. However, a variety of environmental factors such as temperature, resources and human disturbances might force animals to avoid otherwise high-quality habitats. Additionally, individuals’ capacities to cope with such factors – as reflected in physiological stress responses – may also contribute to avoidance. Combining measures of stress response of individual animals with habitat suitability models may contribute essential insights to the development of species conservation plans.
Aims: We used a landscape-level approach to assess whether habitat quality, abiotic factors and human disturbance affect the physiological stress response of a forest specialist, the capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus), and to what extent these relationships are determined by variation between individuals.
Methods: We applied a non-invasive approach by collecting 1096 droppings across the entire species range in two adjacent national parks spanning the border between the Czech Republic and Germany. We measured faecal corticosterone metabolites (FCMs) to evaluate the physiological stress response. To test the influences of temperature, habitat quality, season and sex, as well as forest management and tourism intensity on FCM levels, we used generalised additive mixed effect models (GAMMs). The same models were applied for a reduced subset of randomly selected samples that were attributed to individuals via DNA profiling using 10 microsatellite loci. This approach allowed us to control for possible individual differences (through repeated measures within individual genotypes).
Key results: Both models revealed decreasing FCM levels with increasing habitat quality and showed no relationship between increasing forestry intensity and FCMs. When accounting for individual identity, we found a significant positive effect from increasing tourism intensity, although this relationship was not significant in the full dataset.
Conclusions: Our results highlight three conclusions for the conservation of capercaillie: (1) high-quality habitats reduce stress levels; (2) tourism-free refuge areas are important, and (3) individuality appears to be a strong determinant of response to environmental factors.
Implications: Generalising management recommendations from observations for single individuals to an entire population may be inappropriate.
Keywords: conservation, faecal corticosterone metabolites, field endocrinology, genotyping, recreation, stress ecology, Tetrao urogallus, Tetraonidae.
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