Sign surveys can be more efficient and cost effective than driven transects and camera trapping: a comparison of detection methods for a small elusive mammal, the numbat (Myrmecobius fasciatus)
Anke Seidlitz
A E , Kate A. Bryant B , Nicola J. Armstrong C , Michael C. Calver A and Adrian F. Wayne D
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
B Centre for Climate-Impacted Terrestrial Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
C Mathematics and Statistics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
D Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Locked Bag 2, Manjimup, WA 6258, Australia.
E Corresponding author. Email: anke.seidlitz@gmx.net
Wildlife Research - https://doi.org/10.1071/WR20020
Submitted: 3 February 2020 Accepted: 25 January 2021 Published online: 10 March 2021
Journal Compilation © CSIRO 2021 Open Access CC BY
Abstract
Context: Determining the most efficient detection method for a target species is key for successful wildlife monitoring and management. Driven transects and sign surveys are commonly used to monitor populations of the endangered numbat (Myrmecobius fasciatus). Camera trapping is being explored as a new method. These methods were unevaluated for efficacy and cost for numbat detection.
Aims: To compare efficacy and costing of driven transects, sign surveys and camera trapping for detecting numbats in the Upper Warren region, Western Australia.
Methods: Seven repeat sign surveys and driven transects, as well as 4 months of camera trapping, were conducted concurrently at 50 sites along three transects. Numbat detection rates and costing of the three techniques were compared, and detection probabilities were compared between sign surveys and camera trapping.
Key results: Numbat signs were detected during 88 surveys at 39 sites, exceeding camera trapping (26 detections at 13 sites) and driven transects (seven detections near five sites). The estimated probability for detecting a numbat or a sign thereof (at a site where numbats were present) ranged from 0.21 to 0.35 for a sign survey, and 0.02 to 0.06 for 7 days of camera trapping. Total survey costs were lowest for driven transects, followed by camera trapping and sign surveys. When expressed as cost per numbat detection, sign surveys were cheapest.
Conclusions: Comparative studies of survey methods are essential for optimal, cost-effective wildlife monitoring. Sign surveys were more successful and cost effective than camera trapping or driven transects for detecting numbats in the Upper Warren region. Together with occupancy modelling, sign surveys are appropriate to investigate changes in occupancy rates over time, which could serve as a metric for long-term numbat monitoring.
Implications: There is no ‘best’ method for wildlife surveys. Case-specific comparison of animal detection methods is recommended to ensure optimal methods. For the numbat population in the Upper Warren region, further studies are needed to improve numbat detection rates from camera trapping, and to test sign surveys in autumn (March to May), when surviving juvenile numbats have established their own territory and assumptions regarding population closure are less likely to be violated.
Keywords: Animal signs, diggings, non-invasive techniques, numbat, sampling efficiency, scat, wildlife management, wildlife monitoring.
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