When deer must die: large uncertainty surrounds changes in deer abundance achieved by helicopter- and ground-based hunting in New Zealand forests
David M. Forsyth A G , David S. L. Ramsey A , Clare J. Veltman B , Robert B. Allen C , Will J. Allen D , Richard J. Barker E , Chris L. Jacobson F , Simon J. Nicol A , Sarah J. Richardson C and Charles R. Todd A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Sustainability and Environment, 123 Brown Street, Heidelberg, Vic. 3084, Australia.
B Science and Technical Group, Department of Conservation, c/- Private Bag 11052, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
C Landcare Research, PO Box 40, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand.
D Learning for Sustainability, PO Box 30108, Barrington, Christchurch 8244, New Zealand.
E Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
F Sustainability Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Locked Bag 4, Maroochydore DC, Qld 4551, Australia.
G Corresponding author. Email: dave.forsyth@dse.vic.gov.au
Wildlife Research 40(6) 447-458 https://doi.org/10.1071/WR13016
Submitted: 25 January 2013 Accepted: 27 August 2013 Published: 1 October 2013
Abstract
Context: When environmental, economic and/or social effects of wildlife are considered undesirable and need to be reduced, managers require knowledge of the effectiveness of candidate control techniques, particularly the relationship between control effort and change in abundance.
Aims: We evaluated the effects of control on the abundances of introduced red deer (Cervus elaphus scoticus) and sika deer (Cervus nippon) at three New Zealand forest sites (two North Island, one South Island) in an 8-year adaptive-management experiment.
Methods: We identified paired areas of 3600 ha at each site that were as similar as possible in geology, physical environments and forest composition and applied deer control (helicopter- and/or ground-based hunting) to a randomly selected member of each pair. The abundances of deer were monitored in each treatment and non-treatment area for up to 7 years by using faecal pellet counts on 50 randomly located transects.
Key results: The difference between deer abundances in the treatment and non-treatment areas was significantly negative at one site, significantly positive at one site and indistinguishable at the other site. Faecal pellet abundances declined with increasing helicopter-based hunting effort but did not change with increasing ground-based hunting effort. There was evidence that aerially sown 1080 baits used for possum control in two treatment areas reduced deer abundances.
Conclusions: The substantial uncertainty surrounding the relationships between deer control effort and changes in deer abundance means that managers cannot assume that the environmental, economic and/or social problems caused by deer will be alleviated with the quantum of control effort applied in the present study.
Implications: Reducing the abundances of deer in forests may require substantially more control effort than is currently believed.
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