Short- and mid-term tillage-induced soil CO2 efflux on irrigated permanent- and conventional-bed planting systems with controlled traffic in southern Spain
Patricio Cid A C , Oscar Pérez-Priego B , Francisco Orgaz A and Helena Gómez-Macpherson A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Departamento de Agronomía, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, CSIC, Apartado 4084, 14080 Córdoba, Spain.
B CEAMA/University of Granada, Avd. Mediterráneo s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
C Corresponding author. Email: patricioplot@yahoo.com.ar
Soil Research 51(5) 447-458 https://doi.org/10.1071/SR13082
Submitted: 11 March 2013 Accepted: 15 August 2013 Published: 19 September 2013
Abstract
Use of permanent beds combined with controlled traffic (PB) has been proposed as an alternative planting system for reducing soil erosion and compaction while increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) in irrigated, annual-crop based systems in Mediterranean conditions. The objective of this study was to characterise, in space (beds and furrows with and without traffic) and time (hours, days, and weeks), soil CO2 efflux in PB compared with conventionally tilled bed planting (CB) and with a variant of PB in which subsoiling was performed in trafficked furrows (DPB). The three treatments were combined with controlled traffic. Tillage resulted in abrupt CO2 effluxes that lowered rapidly within hours. However, in CB, soil CO2 effluxes increased again significantly 12 days after tillage compared with PB or DPB. These differences were due to higher emissions from beds than from furrows where the soil had been compacted during the harrowing that formed the beds. In DPB, CO2 effluxes increased in furrows with traffic after subsoiling and the effect was maintained during the study despite subsequent traffic. Soil CO2 efflux increased with soil temperature (measured concomitantly) except after soil tillage. Tillage reduced SOC in both CB and DPB compared with PB.
Additional keywords: carbon dioxide, conservation agriculture, Mediterranean agroecosystems, soil ridging, zero tillage, zone-tillage.
References
Alvarez R, Alvarez CR, Lorenzo G (2001) Carbon dioxide fluxes following tillage from a mollisol in the Argentine Rolling Pampa. European Journal of Soil Biology 37, 161–166.| Carbon dioxide fluxes following tillage from a mollisol in the Argentine Rolling Pampa.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXntlahu7k%3D&md5=0b99f5b1a6f6fd5799e355540862ba8dCAS |
Álvaro-Fuentes J, Cantero-Martínez C, López MV, Arrúe JL (2007) Soil carbon dioxide fluxes following tillage in semiarid Mediterranean agroecosystems. Soil & Tillage Research 96, 331–341.
| Soil carbon dioxide fluxes following tillage in semiarid Mediterranean agroecosystems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
ASABE (2009) ‘Procedures for using and reporting data obtained with the soil cone penetrometer [ASAE EP542 FEB1999 (R2009)].’ (ASABE Standards: St. Joseph, MI)
Baker CJ, Saxton KE, Ritchie WR, Chamen WCT, Reicosky DC, Ribeiro MFS, Justice SE, Hobbs PR (2007) ‘No-tillage seeding in conservation agriculture.’ 2nd edn (FAO: Rome)
Balesdent J, Chenu C, Balabane M (2000) Relationship of soil organic matter dynamics to physical protection and tillage. Soil & Tillage Research 53, 215–230.
| Relationship of soil organic matter dynamics to physical protection and tillage.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ball BC, Robertson EAG (1994) Effects of uniaxial compaction on aeration and structure of ploughed or direct drilled soils. Soil & Tillage Research 31, 135–148.
| Effects of uniaxial compaction on aeration and structure of ploughed or direct drilled soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Benjamin JG, Blaylock AD, Brown HJ, Cruse RM (1990) Ridge tillage effects on simulated water and heat transport. Soil & Tillage Research 18, 167–180.
| Ridge tillage effects on simulated water and heat transport.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Boulal H, Gómez-Macpherson H (2010) Dynamics of soil organic carbon in an innovative irrigated permanent bed system on sloping land in southern Spain. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 139, 284–292.
| Dynamics of soil organic carbon in an innovative irrigated permanent bed system on sloping land in southern Spain.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Boulal H, Gómez-Macpherson H, Gómez JA, Mateos L (2011) Effect of soil management and traffic on soil erosion in irrigated annual crops. Soil & Tillage Research 115–116, 62–70.
| Effect of soil management and traffic on soil erosion in irrigated annual crops.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Boulal H, Gómez-Macpherson H, Villalobos FJ (2012) Permanent bed planting in irrigated Mediterranean conditions: Short-term effects on soil quality, crop yield and water use efficiency. Field Crops Research 130, 120–127.
| Permanent bed planting in irrigated Mediterranean conditions: Short-term effects on soil quality, crop yield and water use efficiency.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Busscher WJ, Bauer PJ, Camp CR, Sojka RE (1997) Correction of cone index for soil water differences in a coastal plain soil. Soil & Tillage Research 43, 205–217.
| Correction of cone index for soil water differences in a coastal plain soil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Carbonell-Bojollo R, González-Sánchez EJ, Véroz-González O, Ordóñez-Fernández R (2011) Soil management systems and short term CO2 emissions in a clayey soil in southern Spain. The Science of the Total Environment 409, 2929–2935.
| Soil management systems and short term CO2 emissions in a clayey soil in southern Spain.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXnsVWntb4%3D&md5=df1fa65b3317100bdfbcb576bdc191a9CAS | 21529895PubMed |
Carter MR (1988) Temporal variability of soil macroporosity in a fine sandy loam under mouldboard ploughing and direct drilling. Soil & Tillage Research 12, 37–51.
| Temporal variability of soil macroporosity in a fine sandy loam under mouldboard ploughing and direct drilling.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Casals P, Lopez-Sangil L, Carrara A, Gimeno C, Nogués S (2011) Autotrophic and heterotrophic contributions to short‐term soil CO2 efflux following simulated summer precipitation pulses in a Mediterranean dehesa. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 25, GB3012
| Autotrophic and heterotrophic contributions to short‐term soil CO2 efflux following simulated summer precipitation pulses in a Mediterranean dehesa.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chantigny MH, Rochette P, Angers DA (2001) Short-term C and N dynamics in a soil amended with pig slurry and barley straw: a field experiment. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 81, 131–137.
| Short-term C and N dynamics in a soil amended with pig slurry and barley straw: a field experiment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXlvVGru7Y%3D&md5=25e82f6fdff3106eef9790260e715082CAS |
Dao TH (1998) Tillage and crop residue effects on carbon dioxide evolution and carbon storage in a paleustoll. Soil Science Society of America Journal 62, 250–256.
| Tillage and crop residue effects on carbon dioxide evolution and carbon storage in a paleustoll.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXhtlarsbc%3D&md5=b28a4da9c9bf6ac361190ddea498128aCAS |
Eugster W, Moffat AM, Ceschia E, Aubinet M, Ammann C, Osborne B, Davis PA, Smith P, Jacobs C, Moors E, Le Dantec V, Béziat P, Saunders M, Jans W, Grünwald T, Rebmann C, Kutsch WL, Czerný R, Janouš D, Moureaux C, Dufranne D, Carrara A, Magliulo V, Di Tommasi P, Olesen JE, Schelde K, Olioso A, Bernhofer C, Cellier P, Larmanou E, Loubet B, Wattenbach M, Marloie O, Sanz M-J, Søgaard H, Buchmann N (2010) Management effects on European cropland respiration. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 139, 346–362.
| Management effects on European cropland respiration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Franzluebbers AJ (1999) Microbial activity in response to water-filled pore space of variably eroded southern Piedmont soils. Applied Soil Ecology 11, 91–101.
| Microbial activity in response to water-filled pore space of variably eroded southern Piedmont soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gómez-Macpherson H, Boulal H, Mrabet R, González E (2009) Rational and application of CA for irrigated production in southern Europe and north Africa. In ‘Proceedings of the 4th World Congress on Conservation Agriculture: Innovations for improving efficiency, equity and environment’. India. pp. 129–135. (FAO: Rome)
Govaerts B, Sayre KD, Deckers J (2005) Stable high yields with zero tillage and permanent bed planting? Field Crops Research 94, 33–42.
| Stable high yields with zero tillage and permanent bed planting?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Heard JR, Kladivko EJ, Mannering JV (1988) Soil macroporosity, hydraulic conductivity and air permeability of silty soils under long-term conservation tillage in Indiana. Soil & Tillage Research 11, 1–18.
| Soil macroporosity, hydraulic conductivity and air permeability of silty soils under long-term conservation tillage in Indiana.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ibragimov N, Evett S, Esenbekov Y, Khasanova F, Karabaev I, Mirzaev L, Lamers J (2011) Permanent beds vs. conventional tillage in irrigated arid Central Asia. Agronomy Journal 103, 1002–1011.
| Permanent beds vs. conventional tillage in irrigated arid Central Asia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
IUSS Working Group (2006) ‘World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2006.’ FAO, World Soil Resources Reports No. 103. (FAO: Rome)
Kingwell R, Fuchsbichler A (2011) The whole-farm benefits of controlled traffic farming: an Australian appraisal. Agricultural Systems 104, 513–521.
| The whole-farm benefits of controlled traffic farming: an Australian appraisal.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
La Scala N, Bolonhezi D, Pereira GT (2006) Short-term soil CO2 emission after conventional and reduced tillage of a no-till sugar cane area in southern Brazil. Soil & Tillage Research 91, 244–248.
| Short-term soil CO2 emission after conventional and reduced tillage of a no-till sugar cane area in southern Brazil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lee X, Wu H, Sigler J, Oishi C, Siccama T (2004) Rapid and transient response of soil respiration to rain. Global Change Biology 10, 1017–1026.
| Rapid and transient response of soil respiration to rain.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Liebig MA, Jones AJ, Mielke LN, Doran JW (1993) Controlled wheel traffic effects on soil properties in ridge tillage. Soil Science Society of America Journal 57, 1061–1066.
| Controlled wheel traffic effects on soil properties in ridge tillage.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Liebig MA, Jones AJ, Doran JW, Mielke LN (1995) Potential soil respiration and relationship to soil properties in ridge tillage. Soil Science Society of America Journal 59, 1430–1435.
| Potential soil respiration and relationship to soil properties in ridge tillage.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXotFOgu7Y%3D&md5=eac8230dd2ee18f163114b25b4d30f2eCAS |
López-Fando C, Pardo MT (2011) Soil carbon stratification under different tillage systems in a semi-arid region. Soil & Tillage Research 111, 224–230.
| Soil carbon stratification under different tillage systems in a semi-arid region.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
López-Fando C, Pardo MT (2012) Use of a partial-width tillage system maintains benefits of no-tillage in increasing total soil nitrogen. Soil & Tillage Research 118, 32–39.
| Use of a partial-width tillage system maintains benefits of no-tillage in increasing total soil nitrogen.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
López-Garrido R, Díaz-Espejo A, Madejón E, Murillo JM, Moreno F (2009) Carbon losses by tillage under semi-arid Mediterranean rainfed agriculture (SW Spain). Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 7, 706–716.
López-Garrido R, Deurer M, Madejón E, Murillo JM, Moreno F (2012) Tillage influence on biophysical soil properties: The example of a long-term tillage experiment under Mediterranean rainfed conditions in south Spain. Soil & Tillage Research 118, 52–60.
| Tillage influence on biophysical soil properties: The example of a long-term tillage experiment under Mediterranean rainfed conditions in south Spain.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Morell FJ, Álvaro-Fuentes J, Lampurlanés J, Cantero-Martínez C (2010) Soil CO2 fluxes following tillage and rainfall events in a semiarid Mediterranean agroecosystem: Effects of tillage systems and nitrogen fertilization. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 139, 167–173.
| Soil CO2 fluxes following tillage and rainfall events in a semiarid Mediterranean agroecosystem: Effects of tillage systems and nitrogen fertilization.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXht1Krt73M&md5=ce876e451bdd355d8f2964b7ddf9b0d9CAS |
Moussadek R, Mrabet R, Dahan R, Douaik A, Verdoodt A, Van Ranst E, Corbeels M (2011) Effect of tillage practices on the soil carbon dioxide flux during fall and spring seasons in a Mediterranean vertisol. Journal of Soil Science & Environment Management 2, 362–369.
Müller E, Wildhagen H, Quintern M, Heß J, Wichern F, Joergensen RG (2009a) CO2 evolution from a ridge tilled and a mouldboard ploughed Luvisol in the field. Applied Soil Ecology 43, 89–94.
| CO2 evolution from a ridge tilled and a mouldboard ploughed Luvisol in the field.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Müller E, Wildhagen H, Quintern M, Heß J, Wichern F, Joergensen RG (2009b) Spatial patterns of soil biological and physical properties in a ridge tilled and a ploughed luvisol. Soil & Tillage Research 105, 88–95.
| Spatial patterns of soil biological and physical properties in a ridge tilled and a ploughed luvisol.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nakadai T, Yokozawa M, Ikeda H, Koizumi H (2002) Diurnal changes of carbon dioxide flux from bare soil in agricultural field in Japan. Applied Soil Ecology 19, 161–171.
| Diurnal changes of carbon dioxide flux from bare soil in agricultural field in Japan.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Orchard VA, Cook FJ (1983) Relationship between soil respiration and soil moisture. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 15, 447–453.
| Relationship between soil respiration and soil moisture.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pérez-Priego O, Testi L, Orgaz F, Villalobos FJ (2010) A large closed canopy chamber for measuring CO2 and water vapor exchange of whole trees. Environmental and Experimental Botany 68, 131–138.
| A large closed canopy chamber for measuring CO2 and water vapor exchange of whole trees.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pierce FJ, Fortin M-C, Staton MJ (1992) Immediate and residual effects of zone-tillage in rotation with no-tillage on soil physical properties and corn performance. Soil & Tillage Research 24, 149–165.
| Immediate and residual effects of zone-tillage in rotation with no-tillage on soil physical properties and corn performance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pinheiro J, Bates D, DebRoy S, Sarkar D (2010) ‘nlme: Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models.’ R package version 3.1–97. (R Development Core Team: Vienna)
Reicosky DC, Archer DW (2007) Moldboard plow tillage depth and short-term carbon dioxide release. Soil & Tillage Research 94, 109–121.
| Moldboard plow tillage depth and short-term carbon dioxide release.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Reicosky DC, Lindstrom MJ (1993) Fall tillage method: effect on short-term carbon dioxide flux from soil. Agronomy Journal 85, 1237–1243.
| Fall tillage method: effect on short-term carbon dioxide flux from soil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Reicosky DC, Dugas WA, Torbert HA (1997) Tillage-induced soil carbon loss from different cropping systems. Soil & Tillage Research 41, 105–118.
| Tillage-induced soil carbon loss from different cropping systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Reicosky DC, Gesch RW, Wagner SW, Gilbert RA, Wente CD, Morris DR (2008) Tillage and wind effects on soil CO2 concentrations in muck soils. Soil & Tillage Research 99, 221–231.
| Tillage and wind effects on soil CO2 concentrations in muck soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rochester IJ (2011) Sequestering carbon in minimum-tilled clay soils used for irrigated cotton and grain production. Soil & Tillage Research 112, 1–7.
| Sequestering carbon in minimum-tilled clay soils used for irrigated cotton and grain production.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rochette P, Angers DA (1999) Soil surface carbon dioxide fluxes induced by spring, summer, and fall moldboard plowing in a sandy loam. Soil Science Society of America Journal 63, 621–628.
| Soil surface carbon dioxide fluxes induced by spring, summer, and fall moldboard plowing in a sandy loam.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXks1ajtbc%3D&md5=4897ae1e0c729284d9e93d875f2eb30cCAS |
Rochette P, Bertrand N (2008) Soil-surface gas emissions. In ‘Soil sampling and methods of analysis’. Canadian Society of Soil Science. (Eds MR Carter, EG Gregorich) pp. 851–861. (CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL)
Soane BD, Ball BC, Arvidsson J, Basch G, Moreno F, Roger-Estrade J (2012) No-till in northern, western and south-Western Europe: A review of problems and opportunities for crop production and the environment. Soil & Tillage Research 118, 66–87.
| No-till in northern, western and south-Western Europe: A review of problems and opportunities for crop production and the environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Soil Survey Staff (2010) ‘Keys to Soil Taxonomy.’ 11th edn (USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service: Washington, DC)
Taylor JH (1983) Benefits of permanent traffic lines in a controlled traffic crop production system. Soil & Tillage Research 3, 385–395.
| Benefits of permanent traffic lines in a controlled traffic crop production system.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Verhulst N, Govaerts B, Verachtert E, Castellanos-Navarrete A, Mezzalama M, Wall P, Deckers J, Sayre KD (2010) Conservation agriculture, improving soil quality for sustainable production systems? In ‘Advances in soil science: Food security and soil quality’. (Eds R Lal, BA Stewart) pp. 137–208. (CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL)
Walkley A, Black JA (1934) An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science 37, 29–38.
| An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaA2cXitlGmug%3D%3D&md5=4685096ca0e51274c961d36bcf763758CAS |
Wichern F, Luedeling E, Müller T, Joergensen RG, Burkert A (2004) Field measurements of the CO2 evolution rate under different crops during an irrigation cycle in a mountain oasis of Oman. Applied Soil Ecology 25, 85–91.
| Field measurements of the CO2 evolution rate under different crops during an irrigation cycle in a mountain oasis of Oman.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Willems AB, Augustenborg CA, Hepp S, Lanigan G, Hochstrasser T, Kammann C, Müller C (2011) Carbon dioxide emissions from spring ploughing of grassland in Ireland. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 144, 347–351.
| Carbon dioxide emissions from spring ploughing of grassland in Ireland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhsFCqsLnI&md5=6af5a510dc97e7c4d021b8b6ce306214CAS |
Wuest SB, Durr D, Albrecht SL (2003) Carbon dioxide flux measurement during simulated tillage. Agronomy Journal 95, 715–718.
| Carbon dioxide flux measurement during simulated tillage.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zhang H, Wang X, Feng Z, Pang J, Lu F, Ouyang Z, Zheng H, Liu W, Hui D (2011a) Soil temperature and moisture sensitivities of soil CO2 efflux before and after tillage in a wheat field of Loess Plateau, China. Journal of Environmental Sciences 23, 79–86.
| Soil temperature and moisture sensitivities of soil CO2 efflux before and after tillage in a wheat field of Loess Plateau, China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXitFSnsLw%3D&md5=681f6a0b717212613417a2b497279c07CAS |
Zhang H, Zhou X, Lu F, Pang J, Feng Z, Liu W, Ouyang Z, Wang X (2011b) Seasonal dynamics of soil CO2 efflux in a conventional tilled wheat field of the Loess Plateau, China. Ecological Research 26, 735–743.
| Seasonal dynamics of soil CO2 efflux in a conventional tilled wheat field of the Loess Plateau, China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXovFCqtLc%3D&md5=26816791e4e8e6be9873bf74b409804fCAS |
