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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Contents Vol 47(6)

Combined effects of organic matter and pH on acute toxicity of cadmium to Paronychiurus kimi (Collembola): Development of response surface model

Jino Son A , Hyung-ho Mo A , Key-il Shin B , Mun Il Ryoo A and Kijong Cho A C
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-Dong, Sungbuk-Ku, Seoul 136-701, Korea.

B Department of Statistics, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin 449-791, Korea.

C Corresponding author. Email: kjcho@korea.ac.kr

Australian Journal of Soil Research 47(6) 549-554 https://doi.org/10.1071/SR08220
Submitted: 26 September 2008  Accepted: 1 May 2009   Published: 30 September 2009

Abstract

A second-order central composite design was employed to investigate the effect of organic matter (OM) content and soil acidity (pH) on the cadmium toxicity to Paronychiurus kimi (Lee), a collembolan species native to Korea. Two independent variables, OM and pH, were adjusted from 0 to 10% (in total dry wt) and 4.5 to 7.0, respectively. Cadmium concentrations tested were 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 mg/kg dry soil. The toxic effects that cadmium exerted on P. kimi (28-day median lethal concentration (LC50s)) varied significantly with different combinations of OM content and pH. The second-order response surface model was appropriate for describing combined effects of OM and pH on the cadmium toxicity to P. kimi. Linear effects (OM and pH) were predominant contributors accounting for ≈70% of the total variance of cadmium toxicity to P. kimi. No significant quadratic (pH × pH) and interaction (OM × pH) effects were observed; therefore, the final second-order response surface model could be reduced as follows: 28-day LC50 of cadmium (mg/kg) = –94.87 + 26.69 × OM + 16.64 × pH – 1.82 × OM2. Validation of the developed response surface model using 4 soil media with different OM content and pH resulted in a significant correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.97) between predicted and observed 28-day LC50. Based on physico-chemical properties of the test media, developed models can be used to explain the variation of cadmium toxicities at various environmental conditions and may improve current environmental risk assessment procedures of metals.

Additional keywords: soil properties, cadmium toxicity, response surface model, central composite design, cadmium.


Acknowledgments

This study was partially supported by the Korea Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (No. 091-061-043), the Korea University fund and ‘Forest Science & Technology Projects (Project No. S10107L0201004)’ provided by Korea Forest Service.


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