Free Standard AU & NZ Shipping For All Book Orders Over $80!
Register      Login
Soil Research Soil Research Society
Soil, land care and environmental research
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Soil capacity to biomass production in sandy loam soils following cover crop farming systems in tropical conditions in the Northeast region of Brazil

Gislaine dos Santos Nascimento A , Tancredo Souza https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8729-5478 B C * , Lucas Jónatan Rodrigues da Silva D and Djail Santos A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Postgraduate Program in Soil Science, Agrarian Sciences Centre, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Paraiba 58397-000, Brazil.

B Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-456, Portugal.

C Postgraduate Program in Agroecology, Department of Agriculture, Federal University of Paraíba, Bananeiras, Paraíba 58220-000, Brazil.

D Postgraduate Program in Agricultural and Natural Ecosystems, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Curitibanos, Santa Catarina 89520-000, Brazil.

* Correspondence to: tancredo_agro@hotmail.com

Handling Editor: Patrick Lavelle

Soil Research 62, SR23045 https://doi.org/10.1071/SR23045
Submitted: 7 March 2023  Accepted: 21 July 2024  Published: 8 August 2024

© 2024 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing

Abstract

Context

Soil capacity to biomass production (SC) sheds light on soil health and its capacity to sustain high primary production. However, the currently existing models are based on rather local data, and thus there is a lack of predictive tools to monitor SC.

Aims

Our aim was to assess the influence of cover crops on soil chemical properties by considering their different behaviours (biomass production and root density).

Methods

We characterised soil chemical properties, and plant biomass production during 6 years in field conditions at a tropical soil.

Key results

Our findings suggest that: (1) green manure practice improved Ca2+, K+, and soil organic carbon (SOC) stock, but none of the studied cover crops were able to improve soil P content; and (2) we found three groups of green manure by considering the SC reduction, namely G1 (low SC reduction) that comprises Crotalaria ochroleuca and Neonotonia wightii, G2 (medium SC reduction) that comprises Brachiaria decumbens, Pennisetum glaucum, and Crotalaria juncea, and G3 (high SC reduction) that comprises Mucuna pruriens, Canavalia ensiformis, Crotalaria spectabilis, Dolichos lablab, and Stizolobium aterrimum.

Conclusion

We concluded that after 3 years during which soil parameters and the production of most, but not all, cover crops have increased, the deficiency in P did not allow plants to grow well anymore.

Implications

This study highlights the importance to consider predictive models as a tool to be used in soil management. Our study also provides a deeper view about the use of green manure and their influence on soil capacity to biomass production.

Keywords: aboveground biomass production, agroecological management, long-term field experiment, Olsen’s decay rate equation, Regosol, root density, soil capacity to biomass production, soil quality.

References

Abera G, Gerkabo H (2021) Effects of green manure legumes and their termination time on yield of maize and soil chemical properties. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 67, 397-409.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Acosta Y, Santiago F, Escalante D, Mazorra C, Cejas I, Martínez-Montero ME, Escobar A, Sershen , Hajari E, Lorenzo JC, Fontes D (2020) Cryo-exposure of Neonotonia wightii Wigth and Am seeds enhances field performance of plants. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 42, 13.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Adetunji AT, Ncube B, Meyer AH, Olatunji OS, Mulidzi R, Lewu FB (2021) Soil pH, nitrogen, phosphatase and urease activities in response to cover crop species, termination stage and termination method. Heliyon 7, e05980.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Alvares CA, Stape JL, Sentelhas PC, de Moraes Gonçalves JL, Sparovek G (2013) Köppen’s climate classification map for Brazil. Meteorologische Zeitschrift 22, 711-728.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Amede T, Legesse G, Agegnehu G, Gashaw T, Degefu T, Desta G, Mekonnen K, Schulz S, Thorne P (2021) Short term fallow and partitioning effects of green manures on wheat systems in East African highlands. Field Crops Research 269, 108175.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Andrade VHGZd, Redmile-Gordon M, Barbosa BHG, Andreote FD, Roesch LFW, Pylro VS (2021) Artificially intelligent soil quality and health indices for ‘next generation’ food production systems. Trends in Food Science & Technology 107, 195-200.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Ashworth AJ, Owens PR, Allen FL (2020) Long-term cropping systems management influences soil strength and nutrient cycling. Geoderma 361, 114062.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Bararzadeh Ledari M, Saboohi Y, Azamian S (2021) The tolerance level of the ecosystem as a limited constrain in the development planning. Ecological Indicators 132, 108265.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Black CA (1965) ‘Methods of soil analysis, Part 2.’ Agronomy Monograph. (Ed. CA Black) (American Society of Agronomy: Madison)

Cardone L, Castronuovo D, Perniola M, Scrano L, Cicco N, Candido V (2020) The influence of soil physical and chemical properties on saffron (Crocus sativus L.) growth, yield and quality. Agronomy 10, 1154.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Carneiro KDAA, Souza TAFD, Nascimento GDS, Fraga VDS, Dias BdO (2024) Soil phosphorus mobilization as affected by long-term organic fertilization in a tropical Regosol. International Journal of Recycling Organic Waste in Agriculture 13, 132414.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Chen H, Zhao X, Lin Q, Li G, Kong W (2020) Spring watering interactively improves aboveground net primary productivity and soil microbial biomass in a semi-arid grassland of China. Catena 189, 104478.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Chen A, Zhang W, Sheng R, Liu Y, Hou H, Liu F, Ma G, Wei W, Qin H (2021) Long-term partial replacement of mineral fertilizer with in situ crop residues ensures continued rice yields and soil fertility: a case study of a 27-year field experiment in subtropical China. Science of The Total Environment 787, 147523.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Crespo C, Wyngaard N, Sainz Rozas H, Barbagelata P, Barraco M, Gudelj V, Barbieri P (2021) Improving soil organic nitrogen and sulfur pools by cover cropping and crop fertilization in soybean-based cropping systems. Soil and Tillage Research 213, 105138.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Cruz TT, Asmus GL, Garcia RA (2020) Crotalaria species in succession to soybean for the management of Pratylenchus brachyurus. Ciência Rural 50(7), e20190645.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

de Lima Martins GS, Rodrigues EM, Costa MD, da Rocha Campos AN, Tótola MR (2021) A not so cool Harlley’s legacy: the catastrophic human-made Trindade Island devastation and its recovery. Applied Soil Ecology 167, 104105.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

de Mello Brandão Vinholis M, Macchione Saes MS, Carrer MJ, Meirelles de Souza Filho H (2021) The effect of meso-institutions on adoption of sustainable agricultural technology: a case study of the Brazilian Low Carbon Agriculture Plan. Journal of Cleaner Production 280, 124334.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

de Souza TAF, Santos D (2018) Effects of using different host plants and long-term fertilization systems on population sizes of infective arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Symbiosis 76, 139-149.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

de Souza TAF, Rodrígues AF, Marques LF (2016) Long-term effects of alternative and conventional fertilization on macroarthropod community composition: a field study with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivated on a ferralsol. Organic Agriculture 6, 323-330.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

de Souza TAF, Santos D, de Andrade LA, Freitas H (2019) Plant-soil feedback of two legume species in semi-arid Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 50, 1011-1020.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Demir Z, Işık D (2019) Effects of cover crops on soil hydraulic properties and yield in a persimmon orchard. Bragantia 78, 596-605.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Dias-Martins AM, Pessanha KLF, Pacheco S, Rodrigues JAS, Carvalho CWP (2018) Potential use of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) in Brazil: food security, processing, health benefits and nutritional products. Food Research International 109, 175-186.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Ding T, Yan Z, Zhang W, Duan T (2021) Green manure crops affected soil chemical properties and fungal diversity and community of apple Orchard in the Loess Plateau of China. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 21, 1089-1102.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

dos Santos Nascimento G, de Souza TAF, da Silva LJR, Santos D (2021) Soil physico-chemical properties, biomass production, and root density in a green manure farming system from tropical ecosystem, North-eastern Brazil. Journal of Soils and Sediments 21, 2203-2211.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Fan Y, Lu S, He M, Yang L, Hu W, Yang Z, Liu X, Hui D, Guo J, Yang Y (2021) Long-term throughfall exclusion decreases soil organic phosphorus associated with reduced plant roots and soil microbial biomass in a subtropical forest. Geoderma 404, 115309.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Feitosa de Souza TA, Kormann S, Laurindo LK, da Silva LJR (2023) Land use and soil properties shifts soil fauna community complexity in subtropical ecosystems. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 69, 2081-2091.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Fernández M, Alaejos J, Andivia E, Madejón P, Díaz MJ, Tapias R (2020) Short rotation coppice of leguminous tree Leucaena spp. improves soil fertility while producing high biomass yields in Mediterranean environment. Industrial Crops and Products 157, 112911.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Ferreira NM, Santos D, Bertino AMP, Cavalcante ACP, Pereira WE, Bertino AMP, Oliveira AP (2019) Potential of species of green coverage in Entisol. Journal of Agricultural Science 11(11), 263-273.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Fontana M, Guillaume T, Bragazza L, Elfouki S, Santonja M, Buttler A, Gerdol R, Brancaleoni L, Sinaj S (2021) Legacy effect of green manure crops fertilized with calcium phosphite on maize production and soil properties. Journal of Environmental Management 295, 113092.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Forstall-Sosa KS, de Souza TAF, de Oliveira Lucena E, da Silva SIA, Ferreira JTA, do Nascimento Silva T, Santos D, Niemeyer JC (2020) Soil macroarthropod community and soil biological quality index in a green manure farming system of the Brazilian semi-arid. Biologia 76, 907-917.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Freschet GT, Roumet C, Comas LH, et al. (2021) Root traits as drivers of plant and ecosystem functioning: current understanding, pitfalls and future research needs. New Phytologist 232, 1123-1158.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Freund L, Mariotte P, Santonja M, Buttler A, Jeangros B (2021) Species identity, rather than species mixtures, drives cover crop effects on nutrient partitioning in unfertilized agricultural soil. Plant and Soil 460, 149-162.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Gabriel JL, García-González I, Quemada M, Martin-Lammerding D, Alonso-Ayuso M, Hontoria C (2021) Cover crops reduce soil resistance to penetration by preserving soil surface water content. Geoderma 386, 114911.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Gunasekaran Y, Kaliappan SB, Porpavai S (2021) Developing soil quality indices for different crop rotations of deltaic inceptisol regions of India. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 52, 1363-1376.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Han C, Liu Y, Zhang C, Li Y, Zhou T, Khan S, Chen N, Zhao C (2021) Effects of three coniferous plantation species on plant-soil feedbacks and soil physical and chemical properties in semi-arid mountain ecosystems. Forest Ecosystems 8, 3.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Haruna SI, Anderson SH, Udawatta RP, Gantzer CJ, Phillips NC, Cui S, Gao Y (2020) Improving soil physical properties through the use of cover crops: a review. Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment 3, 1 e20105.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

He H-B, Li W-X, Zhang Y-W, Cheng J-K, Jia X-Y, Li S, Yang H-R, Chen B-M, Xin G-R (2020) Effects of Italian ryegrass residues as green manure on soil properties and bacterial communities under an Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.)-rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation. Soil and Tillage Research 196, 104487.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Heydari M, Eslaminejad P, Kakhki FV, Mirab-balou M, Omidipour R, Prévosto B, Kooch Y, Lucas-Borja ME (2020) Soil quality and mesofauna diversity relationship are modulated by woody species and seasonality in semiarid oak forest. Forest Ecology and Management 473, 118332.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Huang W, Zong M, Fan Z, Feng Y, Li S, Duan C, Li H (2021) Determining the impacts of deforestation and corn cultivation on soil quality in tropical acidic red soils using a soil quality index. Ecological Indicators 125, 107580.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

IITA (1979) ‘Selected methods for soil and plant analysis.’ Manual Series no. 1. (IITA (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture: Ibadan, Nigeria)

Islam KR, Roth G, Rahman MA, Didenko NO, Reeder RC (2021) Cover crop complements flue gas desulfurized gypsum to improve no-till soil quality. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 52, 926-947.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Khan MI, Gwon HS, Alam MA, Song HJ, Das S, Kim PJ (2020) Short term effects of different green manure amendments on the composition of main microbial groups and microbial activity of a submerged rice cropping system. Applied Soil Ecology 147, 103400.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Kianpoor Kalkhajeh Y, Huang B, Hu W (2021) Impact of preferential flow pathways on phosphorus leaching from typical plastic shed vegetable production soils of China. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 307, 107218.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Koutika L-S, Cafiero L, Bevivino A, Merino A (2020) Organic matter quality of forest floor as a driver of C and P dynamics in acacia and eucalypt plantations established on a Ferralic Arenosols, Congo. Forest Ecosystems 7, 40.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Lanna AC, Silva MA, Moreira AS, Nascente AS, de Fillipi MCC (2021) Improved nutrient uptake in three Crotalaria species inoculated with multifunctional microorganisms. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 25, 460-465.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Laurindo LK, de Souza TAF, da Silva LJR, Casal TB, de Jesus Conceição Pires K, Kormann S, Schmitt DE, Siminski A (2021) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community assembly in agroforestry systems from the Southern Brazil. Biologia 76, 1099-1107.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Leite MLdMV, Lucena LRRd, Cruz MGd, Sá Júnior EHd, Simões VJLP (2019) Leaf area estimate of Pennisetum glaucum by linear dimensions. Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences 41, e42808.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Lepcha P, Sathyanarayana N (2022) Variability for seed-based economic traits and genetic diversity analysis in Mucuna pruriens population of Northeast India. Agricultural Research 11, 1-11.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Li H, Yao Y, Zhang X, Zhu H, Wei X (2021) Changes in soil physical and hydraulic properties following the conversion of forest to cropland in the black soil region of Northeast China. Catena 198, 104986.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Liu C, Wang Q-W, Jin Y, Tang J, Lin F, Olatunji OA (2021) Perennial cover crop biomass contributes to regulating soil P availability more than rhizosphere P-mobilizing capacity in rubber-based agroforestry systems. Geoderma 401, 115218.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Luan Nunes de Melo , Feitosa de Souza TA, Santos D (2019) Transpiratory rate, biomass production and leaf macronutrient content of different plant species cultivated on a Regosol in the Brazilian semiarid. Russian Agricultural Sciences 45, 147-153.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Luján Soto R, Martínez-Mena M, Cuéllar Padilla M, de Vente J (2021) Restoring soil quality of woody agroecosystems in Mediterranean drylands through regenerative agriculture. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 306, 107191.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Ma Y, Minasny B, McBratney A, Poggio L, Fajardo M (2021) Predicting soil properties in 3D: should depth be a covariate? Geoderma 383, 114794.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Ma X, Wang T, Shi Z, Chiariello NR, Docherty K, Field CB, Gutknecht J, Gao Q, Gu Y, Guo X, Hungate BA, Lei J, Niboyet A, Le Roux X, Yuan M, Yuan T, Zhou J, Yang Y (2022) Long-term nitrogen deposition enhances microbial capacities in soil carbon stabilization but reduces network complexity. Microbiome 10, 112.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Makhaye N, Aremu AO, Gruz J, Magadlela A (2021) Effects of soil nutrients and microbe symbiosis on the nutrient assimilation rates, growth carbon cost and phytochemicals in Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 43, 153.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Mendes KF, Maset BA, Mielke KC, Sousa RNd, Martins BAB, Tornisielo VL (2021) Phytoremediation of quinclorac and tebuthiuron-polluted soil by green manure plants. International Journal of Phytoremediation 23, 474-481.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Mengistu S, Feyissa F, Kebede G (2018) Progress of forage legumes breeding and genetics research in Ethiopia: a review. Ethiopian Journal Crop Science Special 1, 153-178.
| Google Scholar |

Moreno C, Barbosa LL, Lima LS, Ferro VG (2021) Effect of light stress on Crotalaria spectabilis (Fabaceae) and on its herbivore insect, the moth Utetheisa ornatrix (Erebidae: Arctiinae). Iheringia, Série Zoologia 111, e2021018.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Mortensen EØ, De Notaris C, Peixoto L, Olesen JE, Rasmussen J (2021) Short-term cover crop carbon inputs to soil as affected by long-term cropping system management and soil fertility. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 311, 107339.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Moussa H, Kindomihou V, Houehanou TD, Chaibou M, Souleymane O, Soumana I, Dossou J, Sinsin B (2021) Farmers’ perceptions of fodder performances of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br) accessions in Niger. Heliyon 7, e07965.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Naeem M, Shabbir A, Ansari AA, Aftab T, Khan MMA, Uddin M (2020) Hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus L.) – an underutilised crop with future potential. Scientia Horticulturae 272, 109551.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Namazzi C, Sserumaga JP, Mugerwa S, Kyalo M, Mutai C, Mwesigwa R, Djikeng A, Ghimire S (2020) Genetic diversity and population structure of Brachiaria (syn. Urochloa) ecotypes from Uganda. Agronomy 10, 1193.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Okalebo JR, Gathua KW, Woomer PL (1993) ‘Laboratory methods of plant and soil analysis: a working manual.’ (TSBF, UNESCO-ROSTA: Nairobi, Kenya)

Olsen SR, Cole CV, Watanable FS, Dean LA (1954) ‘Estimation of available phosphorous in soils by extraction with Sodium bicarbonate.’ (US Department of Agriculture: Washington DC, USA)

Olson JS (1963) Energy storage and the balance of producers and decomposers in ecological systems. Ecology 44, 322-331.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Parhizkar M, Shabanpour M, Miralles I, Zema DA, Lucas-Borja ME (2021) Effects of plant species on soil quality in natural and planted areas of a forest park in northern Iran. Science of The Total Environment 778, 146310.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Peralta-Antonio N, Watthier M, Silva Santos RH (2021) Green manure and mineral fertilizer in sequential cropping: effect on dry matter, yield, accumulation and recovery efficiency of nutrients. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 52, 322-337.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

R Core Team (2018) ‘R: a language and environment for statistical computing.’ (R Foundation for Statistical Computing: Vienna, Austria). Available at https://www.R-project.org/

Repullo-Ruibérriz de Torres MA, Carbonell-Bojollo RM, Moreno-García M, Ordóñez-Fernández R, Rodríguez-Lizana A (2021) Soil organic matter and nutrient improvement through cover crops in a Mediterranean olive orchard. Soil and Tillage Research 210, 104977.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Restovich SB, Andriulo AE, Armas-Herrera CM, Beribe MJ, Portela SI (2019) Combining cover crops and low nitrogen fertilization improves soil supporting functions. Plant and Soil 442, 401-417.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Rosenfield MF, Müller SC (2020) Plant traits rather than species richness explain ecological processes in subtropical forests. Ecosystems 23, 52-66.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Rossi LMW, Mao Z, Merino-Martín L, Roumet C, Fort F, Taugourdeau O, Boukcim H, Fourtier S, Del Rey-Granado M, Chevallier T, Cardinael R, Fromin N, Stokes A (2020) Pathways to persistence: plant root traits alter carbon accumulation in different soil carbon pools. Plant and Soil 452, 457-478.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Sánchez-González M, de-Miguel S, Martin-Pinto P, Martínez-Peña F, Pasalodos-Tato M, Oria-de-Rueda JA, Martínez de Aragón J, Cañellas I, Bonet JA (2019) Yield models for predicting aboveground ectomycorrhizal fungal productivity in Pinus sylvestris and Pinus pinaster stands of northern Spain. Forest Ecosystems 6, 52.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Santos IAFM, Lira Junior MdA, Galdino AC, Fracetto FJC, Fracetto GGM (2017) New rhizobial strains for velvet bean (Stizolobium aterrimum) evaluated under greenhouse and field conditions. Ciência e Agrotecnologia 41, 428-438.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Santos WPd, Silva MLN, Avanzi JC, Acuña-Guzman SF, Cândido BM, Cirillo MÂ, Curi N (2021) Soil quality assessment using erosion-sensitive indices and fuzzy membership under different cropping systems on a Ferralsol in Brazil. Geoderma Regional 25, e00385.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Seaton FM, Barrett G, Burden A, Creer S, Fitos E, Garbutt A, Griffiths RI, Henrys P, Jones DL, Keenan P, Keith A, Lebron I, Maskell L, Pereira MG, Reinsch S, Smart SM, Williams B, Emmett BA, Robinson DA (2021) Soil health cluster analysis based on national monitoring of soil indicators. European Journal of Soil Science 72, 2414-2429.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Sharma S, Saikia R, Thind HS, Singh Y, Jat ML (2021) Tillage, green manure and residue management accelerate soil carbon pools and hydrolytic enzymatic activities for conservation agriculture based rice-wheat systems. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 52(5), 470-486.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Singh A, Abhilash PC (2019) Varietal dataset of nutritionally important Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet from Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India. Data in Brief 24, 103935.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Soares MB, Tavanti RFR, Rigotti AR, Lima JPd, Freddi OdS, Petter FA (2021) Use of cover crops in the southern Amazon region: what is the impact on soil physical quality? Geoderma 384, 114796.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Stabile MCC, Guimarães AL, Silva DS, Ribeiro V, Macedo MN, Coe MT, Pinto E, Moutinho P, Alencar A (2020) Solving Brazil’s land use puzzle: increasing production and slowing Amazon deforestation. Land Use Policy 91, 1043620.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Thomaz E, Antoneli V (2022) Long-term soil quality decline due to the conventional tobacco tillage in Southern Brazil. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 68, 719-731.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Touhami D, McDowell RW, Condron LM, Bouray M (2022) Nitrogen fertilization effects on soil phosphorus dynamics under a grass-pasture system. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 124, 227-246.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Tran CTK, Watts-Williams SJ, Smernik RJ, Cavagnaro TR (2021) Root and arbuscular mycorrhizal effects on soil nutrient loss are modulated by soil texture. Applied Soil Ecology 167, 104097.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Vandermoere S, Van De Sande T, Tavernier G, Lauwers L, Goovaerts E, Sleutel S, De Neve S (2021) Soil phosphorus (P) mining in agriculture – impacts on P availability, crop yields and soil organic carbon stocks. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 322, 107660.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Wang W, Wang Z, Yang K, Wang P, Wang H, Guo L, Zhu S, Zhu Y, He X (2020) Biochar application alleviated negative plant-soil feedback by modifying soil microbiome. Frontiers in Microbiology 11, 799.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Wang Y, Bauke SL, von Sperber C, Tamburini F, Guigue J, Winkler P, Kaiser K, Honermeier B, Amelung W (2021a) Soil phosphorus cycling is modified by carbon and nitrogen fertilization in a long-term field experiment. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 184, 282-293.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Wang Y, Huang Q, Gao H, Zhang R, Yang L, Guo Y, Li H, Awasthi MK, Li G (2021b) Long-term cover crops improved soil phosphorus availability in a rain-fed apple orchard. Chemosphere 275, 130093.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Wasonga MA, Arunga EE, Neondo JO, Muli JK, Kamau PK, Budambula NLM (2021) A hybridization technique for orphan legumes: development of an artificial interspecific pollination protocol for Crotalaria spp. Journal of Crop Improvement 35, 264-275.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

WRB (2015) IUSS Working Group. World Reference Base for Soil. World Soil Resources Reports. FAO, Rome.

Wu L, Elshorbagy A, Pande S, Zhuo L (2021) Trade-offs and synergies in the water-energy-food nexus: the case of Saskatchewan, Canada. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 164, 105192.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Xiong X, Zhang H, Deng Q, Hui D, Chu G, Meng Z, Zhou G, Zhang D (2020) Soil organic carbon turnover following forest restoration in south China: evidence from stable carbon isotopes. Forest Ecology and Management 462, 117988.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Xu Y, Liu J, Liu X, Li H, Yang Z, Wang H, Huang X, Lan L, An Y, Li L, Yao Q, Wang G (2022) Continuous cropping of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) reduces bacterial diversity and simplifies cooccurrence networks in aeolian sandy soil. Soil Ecology Letters 4, 131-143.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Yan S, Gao Y, Tian M, Tian Y, Li J (2021) Comprehensive evaluation of effects of various carbon-rich amendments on tomato production under continuous saline water irrigation: overall soil quality, plant nutrient uptake, crop yields and fruit quality. Agricultural Water Management 255, 106995.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Yang T, Siddique KHM, Liu K (2020) Cropping systems in agriculture and their impact on soil health – a review. Global Ecology and Conservation 23, e01118.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Yeilagi S, Rezapour S, Asadzadeh F (2021) Degradation of soil quality by the waste leachate in a Mediterranean semi-arid ecosystem. Scientific Reports 11, 11390.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Zhang H, Powell JR, Plett JM, Churchill AC, Power SA, Macdonald CA, Jacob V, Kim GW, Pendall E, Tissue D, Catunda KM, Igwenagu C, Carrillo Y, Moore BD, Anderson IC (2021) Climate warming negates arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal reductions in soil phosphorus leaching with tall fescue but not lucerne. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 152, 108075.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Zhou G, Gao S, Lu Y, Liao Y, Nie J, Cao W (2020) Co-incorporation of green manure and rice straw improves rice production, soil chemical, biochemical and microbiological properties in a typical paddy field in southern China. Soil and Tillage Research 197, 104499.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |