Key properties governing sorption–desorption behaviour of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in saturated and unsaturated soils: a review
Rai S. Kookana
A B * , Divina A. Navarro A B , Shervin Kabiri B and Mike J. McLaughlin B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A CSIRO Land and Water, Waite Campus, Locked Bag No. 2, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
B School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Locked Bag No. 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
Soil Research 61(2) 107-125 https://doi.org/10.1071/SR22183
Submitted: 10 August 2022 Accepted: 3 November 2022 Published: 16 December 2022
© 2023 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been widely used worldwide over the last seven decades in >200 diverse industrial applications. Thousands of different PFAS have been used in a wide range of products, such as food packaging, water-repellent and stain-resistant clothing and fire-fighting foams. Partially due to their extreme stability and high mobility, PFAS are now ubiquitous in the environment. Due to their prolonged persistence, some PFAS have been added to the list of persistent organic pollutants. Sorption is one of the fundamental processes that governs environmental fate and effects of organic chemicals. In recent years, a significant body of literature has been published on sorption of PFAS in soils. However, there are conflicting reports about the soil or sediment properties that may be used to predict the mobility of PFAS in the soil environment. This is not surprising because PFAS have complex chemical properties (anionic, cationic and zwitterionic charges together with surface active properties) that influence their sorption–desorption behaviour. Additionally, PFAS show a fluid–water interfacial adsorption phenomenon and such interfaces offer additional retention mechanisms in unsaturated or oil-contaminated soils. In this review, we analyse the literature on sorption and desorption of PFAS to evaluate the dominant soil and solution properties that govern their sorption–desorption behaviour in saturated and unsaturated soils. We also identify the knowledge gaps that need to be addressed in order to gain a sound understanding of their sorption–desorption behaviour in saturated as well as unsaturated soils.
Keywords: adsorption, air–water interfacial adsorption, desorption, perfluoroalkyl substances, PFAS, polyfluoroalkyl substances, sorption–desorption mechanism, vadose zone soils.
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