Pesticide extraction from soil into runoff under a rainfall simulator
D. Mark Silburn
A B *
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Queensland Department of Environment and Science, PO Box 318, Toowoomba, Qld 4350, Australia.
B Centre for Agricultural Engineering, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia.
Soil Research 61(5) 468-483 https://doi.org/10.1071/SR22115
Submitted: 23 May 2022 Accepted: 11 January 2023 Published: 10 February 2023
© 2023 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)
Abstract
Context: Runoff estimation is an important aspect of pesticide environmental behaviour and is the major loss pathway to the environment.
Aims: To improve understanding of pesticide runoff.
Methods: Data from three rainfall simulator studies was used. Twelve pesticides were studied ranged from tightly sorbed (DDE, soil sorption coefficient (KD) ~15 000 L kg−1) to weakly sorbed (dimethoate, KD < 30).
Key results: Event runoff pesticide concentrations were closely related to soil concentrations (0–25 mm depth). The ratio of runoff to soil concentration (the runoff extraction ratio, ERO), was similar for pesticides with a wide range of sorption and across the three soils: runoff concentration (μg L−1) = 28 × soil concentration (mg kg−1). ERO decreased with time after spraying, presumably due to lower concentrations in the top few mm of soil.
Conclusions: This model provides improved or similar estimates of pesticide runoff than previous models. Similar ERO values between sites was probably due to similar hydrology (high rainfall intensity, surface sealing, moist subsoils) and erosion, and because the same masses of soil and water are involved in mixing. Reduction in runoff concentrations by leaching was not influential, because infiltration was small and soil sorption too high.
Implications: Conditions studied apply during summer storms on most cotton and grain land on clay soils in the northern grain and cotton lands in eastern Australia. The model should be applicable under these conditions.
Keywords: enrichment ratios, herbicides, insecticides, partition coefficients, pesticide runoff, rainfall simulator, runoff risk, soil concentrations.
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