Register      Login
Soil Research Soil Research Society
Soil, land care and environmental research
REVIEW (Open Access)

Carbon (δ13C) dynamics in agroecosystems under traditional and minimum tillage systems: a review

C. J. Smith https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1087-9093 A C and P. M. Chalk B C
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A CSIRO Agriculture, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.

B Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia.

C Corresponding authors. Email: Chris.J.Smith@csiro.au; chalkphillip@gmail.com

Soil Research 59(7) 661-672 https://doi.org/10.1071/SR21056
Submitted: 2 March 2021  Accepted: 28 April 2021   Published: 30 June 2021

Journal compilation © CSIRO 2021 Open Access CC BY-NC-ND

Abstract

Following cultivation, substantial loss of soil organic matter occurs in surface soil layers. No-till is an agronomic practice to reverse or slow the loss of soil organic matter. We reviewed 95 research papers that used 13C natural abundance of soils to quantify the impact of tillage on the C dynamics of cropping systems. New C (from current cropping systems) accumulated in the surface soil under no-till, whereas the most extreme cultivation (mouldboard ploughing) mixed new C throughout the soil. There was a decline in soil C with years of cultivation. Compared with land that had been tilled, no-till generally had little impact on the accumulation on soil organic C. Tillage and residue retention caused stratification in C stocks that depended on tillage depth, with the highest C concentrations and stocks found in the surface under no-till. Shifts in the δ13C signature indicated significant exchange of ‘new’ C for the original (old) C. Tillage methods had no impact on the size and δ13C signature of the microbial biomass pool. Change in δ13C indicates that microbial biomass rapidly incorporates new carbon. The largest change in the δ13C values (Δ13C) was observed in the coarse sand fraction, whereas the smallest change occurred in the clay fraction. Comparison of conventional vs no-till showed inconsistent results on the effect of tillage on C in the different particle size fractions. Natural 13C abundance data show that no-till cropping systems do not result in increases in soil organic C in the top 0.30 m of soil.

Keywords: tillage, no-till, zero till, C3, C4, soil microbial biomass, δ13C, C sequestration.


References

Acton P, Fox J, Campbell E, Rowe H, Wilkinson M (2013) Carbon isotopes for estimating soil decomposition and physical mixing in well-drained forest soils. Journal of Geophysical Research. Biogeosciences 118, 1532–1545.
Carbon isotopes for estimating soil decomposition and physical mixing in well-drained forest soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Allmaras RR, Linden DR, Clapp CE (2004) Corn-residue transformations into root and soil carbon as related to nitrogen, tillage, and stover management. Soil Science Society of America Journal 68, 1366–1375.
Corn-residue transformations into root and soil carbon as related to nitrogen, tillage, and stover management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Amundson R, Biardeau L (2018) Soil carbon sequestration is an elusive climate mitigation tool. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 115, 11652–11656.
Soil carbon sequestration is an elusive climate mitigation tool.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30425181PubMed |

Andriulo A, Guérif J, Mary B (1999) Evolution of soil carbon with various cropping sequences on the rolling pampas. Determination of carbon origin using variations in natural 13C abundance. Agronomie 19, 349–364.
Evolution of soil carbon with various cropping sequences on the rolling pampas. Determination of carbon origin using variations in natural 13C abundance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Angers DA, Voroney RP, Côté D (1995) Dynamics of soil organic matter and corn residues affected by tillage practices. Soil Science Society of America Journal 59, 1311–1315.
Dynamics of soil organic matter and corn residues affected by tillage practices.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Antil RS, Gerzabek MH, Haberhauer G, Eder G (2005) Long-term effects of cropped vs. fallow and fertilizer amendments on soil organic matter I. Organic carbon. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 168, 108–116.
Long-term effects of cropped vs. fallow and fertilizer amendments on soil organic matter I. Organic carbon.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Arrouays D, Balesdent J, Mariotti A, Girardin C (1995) Modelling organic carbon turnover in cleared temperate forest soils converted to maize cropping by using 13C natural abundance measurements. Plant and Soil 173, 191–196.
Modelling organic carbon turnover in cleared temperate forest soils converted to maize cropping by using 13C natural abundance measurements.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Balesdent J, Mariotti A (1996) Measurement of soil organic matter turnover using 13C natural abundance. In ‘Mass Spectrometry of Soils.’ (Eds TW Boutton, S-I Yamasaki), pp. 83−111. (Marcel Dekker, New York)

Balesdent J, Mariotti A, Guillet B (1987) Natural 13C abundance as a tracer for studies of soil organic matter dynamics. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 19, 25–30.
Natural 13C abundance as a tracer for studies of soil organic matter dynamics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Balesdent J, Wagner GH, Mariotti A (1988) Soil organic matter turnover in long-term field experiments as revealed by carbon-13 natural abundance. Soil Science Society of America Journal 52, 118–124.
Soil organic matter turnover in long-term field experiments as revealed by carbon-13 natural abundance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Balesdent J, Mariotti A, Boisgontier D (1990) Effect of tillage on soil organic carbon mineralization estimated from 13C abundance in maize fields. European Journal of Soil Science 41, 587–596.
Effect of tillage on soil organic carbon mineralization estimated from 13C abundance in maize fields.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Balesdent J, Girardin C, Mariotti A (1993) Site-related δ13C of tree leaves and soil organic matter in a temperate forest. Ecology 74, 1713–1721.
Site-related δ13C of tree leaves and soil organic matter in a temperate forest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Balesdent J, Besnard E, Arrouays D, Chenu C (1998) The dynamics of carbon in particle-size fractions of soil in a forest-cultivation sequence. Plant and Soil 201, 49–57.
The dynamics of carbon in particle-size fractions of soil in a forest-cultivation sequence.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Balota EL, Colozzi-Filho A, Andrade DS, Hungria M (1998) Microbial biomass and its activity in soils under different tillage and crop rotation systems. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 22, 641–649.
Microbial biomass and its activity in soils under different tillage and crop rotation systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bonde TA, Christensen BT, Cerri CC (1992) Dynamics of soil organic matter as reflected by natural 13C abundance in particle size fractions of forested and cultivated oxisols. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 24, 275–277.
Dynamics of soil organic matter as reflected by natural 13C abundance in particle size fractions of forested and cultivated oxisols.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Brookes PC (1995) The use of microbial parameters in monitoring soil pollution by heavy metals. Biology and Fertility of Soils 19, 269–279.
The use of microbial parameters in monitoring soil pollution by heavy metals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cadisch G, Imhof H, Urquiaga S, Boddey RM, Giller KE (1996) Carbon turnover (δ13C) and nitrogen mineralization potential of particulate light soil organic matter after rainforest clearing. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 28, 1555–1567.
Carbon turnover (δ13C) and nitrogen mineralization potential of particulate light soil organic matter after rainforest clearing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Carter MR (1986) Microbial biomass and mineralizable nitrogen in solonetzic soils: Influence of gypsum and lime amendments. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 18, 531–537.
Microbial biomass and mineralizable nitrogen in solonetzic soils: Influence of gypsum and lime amendments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Chalk PM, Balieiro FC, Chen D (2021) Chapter Two - Quantitative estimation of carbon dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems using natural variations in the δ13C abundance of soils and biota: A review. Advances in Agronomy 167, 63–104.
Chapter Two - Quantitative estimation of carbon dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems using natural variations in the δ13C abundance of soils and biota: A review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Clapp CE, Allmaras RR, Layese MF, Linden DR, Dowdy RH (2000) Soil organic carbon and 13C abundance as related to tillage, crop residue, and nitrogen fertilization under continuous corn management in Minnesota. Soil & Tillage Research 55, 127–142.
Soil organic carbon and 13C abundance as related to tillage, crop residue, and nitrogen fertilization under continuous corn management in Minnesota.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Collins HP, Christenson DR, Blevins RL, Bundy LG, Dick WA, Huggins DR, Paul EA (1999) Soil carbon dynamics in corn-based agroecosystems: Results from carbon-13 natural abundance. Soil Science Society of America Journal 63, 584–591.
Soil carbon dynamics in corn-based agroecosystems: Results from carbon-13 natural abundance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Dalal RC (1998) Soil microbial biomass – what do the numbers really mean? Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 38, 649–665.
Soil microbial biomass – what do the numbers really mean?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

de Sant-Anna SA, Jantalia CP, Sá JM, Vilela L, Marchão RL, Alves BJ, Urquiaga S, Boddey RM (2017) Changes in soil organic carbon during 22 years of pastures, cropping or integrated crop/livestock systems in the Brazilian Cerrado. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 108, 101–120.
Changes in soil organic carbon during 22 years of pastures, cropping or integrated crop/livestock systems in the Brazilian Cerrado.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Dean JR, Leng MJ, Mackay AW (2014) Is there an isotopic signature of the Anthropocene? The Anthropocene Review 1, 276–287.
Is there an isotopic signature of the Anthropocene?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Denef K, Zotarelli L, Boddey RM, Six J (2007) Microaggregate-associated carbon as a diagnostic fraction for management-induced changes in soil organic carbon in two Oxisols. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 39, 1165–1172.
Microaggregate-associated carbon as a diagnostic fraction for management-induced changes in soil organic carbon in two Oxisols.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Desjardins T, Andreux F, Volkoff B, Cerri CC (1994) Organic carbon and 13C contents in soils and soil size-fractions, and their changes due to deforestation and pasture installation in eastern Amazonia. Geoderma 61, 103–118.
Organic carbon and 13C contents in soils and soil size-fractions, and their changes due to deforestation and pasture installation in eastern Amazonia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Dijkstra P, Ishizu A, Doucett R, Hart SC, Schwartz E, Menyailo OV, Hungate BA (2006) 13C and 15N natural abundance of the soil microbial biomass. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 38, 3257–3266.
13C and 15N natural abundance of the soil microbial biomass.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Dolan MS, Clapp CE, Allmaras RR, Baker JM, Molina JAE (2006) Soil organic carbon and nitrogen in a Minnesota soil as related to tillage, residue and nitrogen management. Soil & Tillage Research 89, 221–231.
Soil organic carbon and nitrogen in a Minnesota soil as related to tillage, residue and nitrogen management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Doran JW, Parkin TB (1994) Defining and assessing soil quality, In ‘Defining Soil Quality for a Sustainable Environment’ (Eds JW Doran et al.). pp.3−21. (Soil Science Society America: Madison, WI)

Dorodnikov M, Fangmeier A, Kuzyakov Y (2007) Thermal stability of soil organic matter pools and their δ13C values after C3–C4 vegetation change. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 39, 1173–1180.
Thermal stability of soil organic matter pools and their δ13C values after C3–C4 vegetation change.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Farquhar GD, O’Leary MHO, Berry JA (1982) On the relationship between carbon isotope discrimination and the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration in leaves. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 9, 121–137.

Farquhar GD, Ehleringer JR, Hubick KT (1989) Carbon isotope discrimination during photosynthesis. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 40, 503–537.
Carbon isotope discrimination during photosynthesis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Francey RJ, Allison CE, Etheridge DM, Trudinger CM, Enting IG, Leuenberger M, Leuenberger RL, Michel E, Steele LP (1999) A 1000-year high precision record of δ13C in atmospheric CO2. Tellus 51, 170–193.
A 1000-year high precision record of δ13C in atmospheric CO2.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Fuentes M, Govaerts B, Hidalgo C, Etchevers J, Gonzáles-Martin I, Hernández-Hierro JM, Sayre KD, Dendooven L (2010) Organic carbon and stable 13C isotope in conservation agriculture and conventional systems. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 42, 551–557.
Organic carbon and stable 13C isotope in conservation agriculture and conventional systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Gerzabek MH, Haberhauer G, Kirchmann H (2001) Soil organic matter pools and carbon-13 natural abundances in particle-size fractions of a long-term agricultural field experiment. Soil Science Society of America Journal 65, 352–358.
Soil organic matter pools and carbon-13 natural abundances in particle-size fractions of a long-term agricultural field experiment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Given PH (1984) An essay on the organic geochemistry of coal. Coal Science 3, 63–252.
An essay on the organic geochemistry of coal.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Gregorich EG, Monreal CM, Ellert BH (1995) Turnover of soil organic matter and storage of corn residue carbon estimated from natural 13C abundance. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 75, 161–167.
Turnover of soil organic matter and storage of corn residue carbon estimated from natural 13C abundance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hansen EM, Christensen BT, Jensen LS, Kristensen K (2004) Carbon sequestration in soil beneath long-term Miscanthus plantations as determined by 13C abundance. Biomass and Bioenergy 26, 97–105.
Carbon sequestration in soil beneath long-term Miscanthus plantations as determined by 13C abundance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Huggins DR, Allmaras RR, Clapp CE, Lamb JA, Randall GW (2007) Corn-soybean sequence and tillage effects on soil carbon dynamics and storage. Soil Science Society of America Journal 71, 145–154.
Corn-soybean sequence and tillage effects on soil carbon dynamics and storage.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Jantalia CP, Resck DVS, Alves BJR, Zotarelli L, Urquiaga S, Boddey RM (2007) Tillage effect on C stocks of a clayey Oxisol under a soybean-based crop rotation in the Brazilian Cerrado region. Soil & Tillage Research 95, 97–109.
Tillage effect on C stocks of a clayey Oxisol under a soybean-based crop rotation in the Brazilian Cerrado region.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Jastrow JD, Miller RM, Boutton TW (1996) Carbon dynamics of aggregate-associated organic matter estimated by carbon-13 natural abundance. Soil Science Society of America Journal 60, 801–807.
Carbon dynamics of aggregate-associated organic matter estimated by carbon-13 natural abundance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Jha P, Verma S, Lal R, Eidson C, Dheri GS (2017) Natural 13C abundance and soil carbon dynamics under long-term residue retention in a no-till maize system. Soil Use and Management 33, 90–97.
Natural 13C abundance and soil carbon dynamics under long-term residue retention in a no-till maize system.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

John B, Ludwig B, Flessa H (2003) Carbon dynamics determined by natural 13C abundance in microcosm experiments with soils from long-term maize and rye monocultures. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 35, 1193–1202.
Carbon dynamics determined by natural 13C abundance in microcosm experiments with soils from long-term maize and rye monocultures.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Jolivet C, Arrouays D, Andreux F, Lévèque J (1997) Soil organic carbon dynamics in cleared temperate forest spodosols converted to maize cropping. Plant and Soil 191, 225–231.
Soil organic carbon dynamics in cleared temperate forest spodosols converted to maize cropping.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kaler AS, Bazzer SK, San-Saez A, Ray JD, Fritschi FB, Purcell LC (2018) Carbon isotope ratio fractionation among plant tissue of Soybean. Plant Phenome Journal 1, 180002
Carbon isotope ratio fractionation among plant tissue of Soybean.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Keeling CD, Piper SC, Bacastow RB, Wahlen M, Whorf TP, Heimann M, Meijer HA (2005) Atmospheric CO2 and 13CO2 exchange with the terrestrial biosphere and oceans from 1978 to 2000: Observations and carbon cycle implications. In ‘A History of Atmospheric CO2 and Its Effects on Plants, Animals, and Ecosystems. Ecological Studies (Analysis and Synthesis)’ (Eds IT Baldwin et al.) Vol. 177, pp. 83–113. (Springer: New York, NY) 10.1007/0-387-27048-5_5

Keeling RF, Graven HD, Welp LR, Resplandy L, Bi J, Piper SC, Sun Y, Bollendacher A, Meijer AJ (2017) Atmospheric evidence for a global secular increase in carbon isotopic discrimination of land photosynthesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114, 10361–10366.
Atmospheric evidence for a global secular increase in carbon isotopic discrimination of land photosynthesis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28893986PubMed |

Kristiansen SM, Hansen EM, Jensen LS, Christensen BT (2005) Natural 13C abundance and carbon storage in Danish soils under continuous silage maize. European Journal of Agronomy 22, 107–117.
Natural 13C abundance and carbon storage in Danish soils under continuous silage maize.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Lam SK, Chen D, Mosier AR, Roush R (2013) The potential for carbon sequestration in Australian agricultural soils is technically and economically limited. Scientific Reports 3, 2179
The potential for carbon sequestration in Australian agricultural soils is technically and economically limited.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23846398PubMed |

Layese MF, Clapp CE, Allmaras RR, Linden DR, Copeland SM, Molina JAE, Dowdy RH (2002) Current and relic carbon using natural abundance of carbon-13. Soil Science 167, 315–326.
Current and relic carbon using natural abundance of carbon-13.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Lefroy RD, Blair GJ, Strong WM (1993) Changes in soil organic matter with cropping as measured by organic carbon fractions and 13C natural isotope abundance. Plant and Soil 155–156, 399–402.
Changes in soil organic matter with cropping as measured by organic carbon fractions and 13C natural isotope abundance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Liang A, Chen S, Zhang X, Chen X (2014) Short-term effects of tillage practices on soil organic carbon turnover assessed by δ13C abundance in particle-size fractions of black soils from Northeast China. TheScientificWorldJournal 2014, 514183
Short-term effects of tillage practices on soil organic carbon turnover assessed by δ13C abundance in particle-size fractions of black soils from Northeast China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25162052PubMed |

Liu E, Wang J, Zhang Y, Angers DA, Yan C, Oweis T, He W, Liu Q, Chen B (2015) Priming effect of 13C-labelled wheat straw in no-tillage soil under drying and wetting cycles in the Loess Plateau of China. Scientific Reports 5, 13826
Priming effect of 13C-labelled wheat straw in no-tillage soil under drying and wetting cycles in the Loess Plateau of China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26345303PubMed |

Lloyd J, Farquhar GD (1994) 13C discrimination during CO2 assimilation by the terrestrial biosphere. Oecologia 99, 201–215.
13C discrimination during CO2 assimilation by the terrestrial biosphere.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28313874PubMed |

Loss A, Pereira MG, Perin A, Beutler SJ, Anjos LHCD (2012) Carbon, nitrogen and natural abundance of δ13C e δ15N of light-fraction organic matter under no-tillage and crop-livestock integration systems. Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy 34, 465–472.
Carbon, nitrogen and natural abundance of δ13C e δ15N of light-fraction organic matter under no-tillage and crop-livestock integration systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Loss A, Pereira MG, Costa EM, Beutler SJ, Piccolo MC (2016) Soil fertility, humic fractions and natural abundance of 13C and 15N in soil under different land use in Paraná State, Southern Brazil. Idesia 34, 27–38.
Soil fertility, humic fractions and natural abundance of 13C and 15N in soil under different land use in Paraná State, Southern Brazil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Luo Z, Wang E, Sun OJ, Smith CJ, Probert ME (2011) Modeling long-term soil carbon dynamics and sequestration potential in semi-arid agro-ecosystems. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 151, 1529–1544.
Modeling long-term soil carbon dynamics and sequestration potential in semi-arid agro-ecosystems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Machado PLOA, Sohi SP, Gaunt JL (2003) Effect of no‐tillage on turnover of organic matter in a Rhodic Ferralsol. Soil Use and Management 19, 250–256.
Effect of no‐tillage on turnover of organic matter in a Rhodic Ferralsol.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Muñoz-Romero V, Lopez-Bellido RJ, Fernandez-Garcia P, Redondo R, Murillo S, Lopez-Bellido L (2017) Effects of tillage, crop rotation and N application rate on labile and recalcitrant soil carbon in a Mediterranean Vertisol. Soil & Tillage Research 169, 118–123.
Effects of tillage, crop rotation and N application rate on labile and recalcitrant soil carbon in a Mediterranean Vertisol.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Murage EW, Voroney P, Beyaert RP (2007) Turnover of carbon in the free light fraction with and without charcoal as determined using the 13C natural abundance method. Geoderma 138, 133–143.
Turnover of carbon in the free light fraction with and without charcoal as determined using the 13C natural abundance method.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Natelhoffer KJ, Fry B (1988) Controls on natural nitrogen-15 and carbon-13 abundance in forest soil organic matter. Soil Science Society of America Journal 52, 1633–1640.
Controls on natural nitrogen-15 and carbon-13 abundance in forest soil organic matter.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Potthoff M, Loftield N, Buegger F, Wick B, John B, Joergensen RG, Flessa H (2003) The determination of δ13C in soil microbial biomass using fumigation-extraction. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 35, 947–954.
The determination of δ13C in soil microbial biomass using fumigation-extraction.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Powlson DS, Jenkinson DS (1981) A comparison of the organic matter, biomass, adenosine triphosphate and mineralizable nitrogen contents of ploughed and direct drilled soils. Journal of Agricultural Science 97, 713–721.
A comparison of the organic matter, biomass, adenosine triphosphate and mineralizable nitrogen contents of ploughed and direct drilled soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Powlson DS, Brookes PC, Christensen BT (1987) Measurement of soil microbial biomass provides an early indication of changers in total soil organic matter due to straw incorporation. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 19, 159–164.
Measurement of soil microbial biomass provides an early indication of changers in total soil organic matter due to straw incorporation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Puget P, Chenu C, Balesdent J (1995) Total and young organic matter distributions in aggregates of silty cultivated soils. European Journal of Soil Science 46, 449–459.
Total and young organic matter distributions in aggregates of silty cultivated soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Qian JH, Doran JW (1996) Available carbon released from crop roots during growth as determined by carbon-13 natural abundance. Soil Science Society of America Journal 60, 828–831.
Available carbon released from crop roots during growth as determined by carbon-13 natural abundance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Resh S, Binkley D, Parrotta JA (2002) Greater soil carbon sequestration under nitrogen-fixing trees comparted with Eucalyptus species. Ecosystems 5, 217–231.
Greater soil carbon sequestration under nitrogen-fixing trees comparted with Eucalyptus species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Rochette P, Angers DA, Flanagan LB (1999) Maize residue decomposition measurement using soil surface carbon dioxide fluxes and natural abundance of carbon-13. Soil Science Society of America Journal 63, 1385–1396.
Maize residue decomposition measurement using soil surface carbon dioxide fluxes and natural abundance of carbon-13.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Roscoe R, Burrman P (2003) Tillage effects on soil organic matter in density fractions of a Cerrado Oxisol. Soil & Tillage Research 70, 107–119.
Tillage effects on soil organic matter in density fractions of a Cerrado Oxisol.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Roscoe R, Burrman P, Velthorst EJ, Vasconcellos CA (2001) Soil organic matter dynamics in density and particle size fractions as revealed by the 13C/12C isotopic ratio in a Cerrado’s oxisol. Geoderma 104, 185–202.
Soil organic matter dynamics in density and particle size fractions as revealed by the 13C/12C isotopic ratio in a Cerrado’s oxisol.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ryan MC, Aravena R (1994) Combining 13C natural abundance and fumigation-extraction methods to investigate soil microbial biomass turnover. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 26, 1583–1585.
Combining 13C natural abundance and fumigation-extraction methods to investigate soil microbial biomass turnover.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ryan MC, Aravena R, Gillham RW (1995) The use of 13C natural abundance to investigate the turnover of the microbial biomass and active fractions of soil organic matter under two tillage treatments. In: ‘Soils and Global Change’ (Eds R Lal, J Kimble, E Levine, BA Stewart). pp. 351−360. (CRC Press, Boca Raton)

Sá JC de M, Cerri CC, Dick WA, Lal R, Filho SPV, Picollo MC, Feigl BE (2001) Organic matter dynamics and carbon sequestration rates for a tillage chronosequence in a Brazilian Oxisol. Soil Science Society of America Journal 65, 1486–1499.
Organic matter dynamics and carbon sequestration rates for a tillage chronosequence in a Brazilian Oxisol.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Sangster A, Knight D, Farrell R, Bedard-Haughn A (2010) Repeat−pulse 13CO2 labeling of canola and field pea: implications for soil organic matter studies. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 24, 2791–2798.
Repeat−pulse 13CO2 labeling of canola and field pea: implications for soil organic matter studies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20857436PubMed |

Shang C, Tiessen H (2000) Carbon turnover and carbon-13 natural abundance in organo-mineral fractions of a tropical dry forest soil under cultivation. Soil Science Society of America Journal 64, 2149–2155.
Carbon turnover and carbon-13 natural abundance in organo-mineral fractions of a tropical dry forest soil under cultivation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Sisti CPJ, dos Santos HP, Kohhann R, Alves BJR, Urquiaga S, Boddey RM (2004) Change in carbon and nitrogen stocks in soil under 13 years of conventional or zero tillage in southern Brazil. Soil & Tillage Research 76, 39–58.
Change in carbon and nitrogen stocks in soil under 13 years of conventional or zero tillage in southern Brazil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Six J, Jastrow JD (2002) Organic matter turnover. In ‘Encyclopedia of Soil Science’ (Ed. R Lal). pp. 936−942. (Marcel Dekker, New York)

Six J, Elliott ET, Paustian K, Doran JW (1998) Aggregation and soil organic matter accumulation in cultivated and native grassland soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 62, 1367–1377.
Aggregation and soil organic matter accumulation in cultivated and native grassland soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Six J, Elliott ET, Paustian K (1999) Aggregate and soil organic matter dynamics under conventional and no-tillage systems. Soil Science Society of America Journal 63, 1350–1358.
Aggregate and soil organic matter dynamics under conventional and no-tillage systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Six J, Feller C, Denef K, Ogle SM, Sa JC de M, Albrecht A (2002) Soil organic matter, biota and aggregation in temperate and tropical soils – Effects of no-tillage. Agronomie 22, 755–775.
Soil organic matter, biota and aggregation in temperate and tropical soils – Effects of no-tillage.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Skjemstad JO, Catchpoole VR, Lefeuvre RP (1994) Carbon dynamics in Vertisols under several crops as assessed by natural abundance 13C. Soil Research 32, 311–321.
Carbon dynamics in Vertisols under several crops as assessed by natural abundance 13C.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Smiles DE (2009) Quantifying carbon and sulphate loss in drained acid sulphate soils. European Journal of Soil Science 60, 64–70.
Quantifying carbon and sulphate loss in drained acid sulphate soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Smith CJ, Chalk PM (2020) A review of the role of 15N in tracing N dynamics in agro-ecosystems under alternative systems of tillage management. Soil & Tillage Research 197, 104496
A review of the role of 15N in tracing N dynamics in agro-ecosystems under alternative systems of tillage management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Smith BN, Epstein S (1971) Two categories of 13C/12C ratios for higher plants. Plant Physiology 47, 380–384.
Two categories of 13C/12C ratios for higher plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16657626PubMed |

Smith JL, Paul EA (1990) The significance of soil microbial biomass estimations. In ‘Soil Biochemistry’ (Eds JM Bollag, G Stotzkv). Vol. 6, pp. 357−396. (Marcel Dekker, New York)

Sparling GP (1997) Soil microbial biomass, activity and nutrient cycling as indicators of soil health, In ‘Biological Indicators of Soil Health’ (Eds CE Pankhurst, BM Doube, VVSR Gupta), pp. 97–119 (CAB International, Wallingford)

Sun W, Canadell JG, Yu L, Yu L, Zhang W, Smith P, Fischer T, Haung Y (2020) Climate drives global soil carbon sequestration and crop yield changes under conservation agriculture. Global Change Biology 26, 3325–3335.
Climate drives global soil carbon sequestration and crop yield changes under conservation agriculture.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 31953897PubMed |

Urbanek E, Smucker AJ, Horn R (2011) Total and fresh organic carbon distribution in aggregate size classes and single aggregate regions using natural 13C/12C tracer. Geoderma 164, 164–171.
Total and fresh organic carbon distribution in aggregate size classes and single aggregate regions using natural 13C/12C tracer.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Vitorello YA, Cerri CC, Andreux F, Feller C, Victoria RL (1989) Organic matter and natural carbon 13C distribution in forested and cultivated Oxisols. Soil Science Society of America Journal 53, 773–778.
Organic matter and natural carbon 13C distribution in forested and cultivated Oxisols.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wanniarachchi SD, Voroney RP, Vyn TJ, Beyaert RP, MacKenzie AF (1999) Tillage effects on the dynamics of total and corn-residue-derived soil organic matter in two southern Ontario soils. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 79, 473–480.
Tillage effects on the dynamics of total and corn-residue-derived soil organic matter in two southern Ontario soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Warwick PD, Ruppert LF (2016) Carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of coal and carbon dioxide derived from laboratory coal combustion: A preliminary study. International Journal of Coal Geology 166, 128–135.
Carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of coal and carbon dioxide derived from laboratory coal combustion: A preliminary study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Winiger P, Barrett TE, Sheesley RJ, Huang L, Sharma S, Barrie LA, Yttri KE, Evangeliou N, Eckhardt S, Stohl A, Klimont Z, Heyes C, Semiletov IP, Dudarev OV, Charkin A, Shakhova N, Holmstrand H, Andersson A, Gustafsson Ö (2019) Source apportionment of circum-Arctic atmospheric black carbon from isotopes and modelling. Science Advances 5, eaau8052
Source apportionment of circum-Arctic atmospheric black carbon from isotopes and modelling.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30788434PubMed |

Xu J, Lee X, Xio W, Cao C, Liu S, Wen X, Xu J, Zhang Z, Zhao J (2017) Interpreting the 13C/12C ratio of carbon dioxide in an urban airshed in the Yangtze River Delta, China. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, 3385–3399.
Interpreting the 13C/12C ratio of carbon dioxide in an urban airshed in the Yangtze River Delta, China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Zach A, Tiessen H, Noellemeyer E (2006) Carbon turnover and carbon‐13 natural abundance under land use change in semiarid savanna soils of La Pampa, Argentina. Soil Science Society of America Journal 70, 1541–1546.
Carbon turnover and carbon‐13 natural abundance under land use change in semiarid savanna soils of La Pampa, Argentina.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Zang H, Blagodatskaya E, Wen Y, Xu X, Dyckmans J, Kuzyakov Y (2018) Carbon sequestration and turnover in soil under the energy crop Miscanthus: Repeated 13C natural abundance approach and literature synthesis. Global Change Biology. Bioenergy 10, 262–271.
Carbon sequestration and turnover in soil under the energy crop Miscanthus: Repeated 13C natural abundance approach and literature synthesis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |