Effects of tillage on variability in soil penetration resistance in an olive orchard
Juan López de Herrera A B E , Tomás Herrero Tejedor B , Antonio Saa-Requejo A C and A. M. Tarquis A D
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A CEIGRAM, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain.
B Departamento de Ingeniería Agroforestal, ETS Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain.
C Departamento de Producción Agraria, ETS Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain.
D Departamento MatemáticaAplicada, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain.
E Corresponding author. Email: juan.lz.herrera@upm.es
Soil Research 54(2) 134-143 https://doi.org/10.1071/SR15046
Submitted: 11 February 2015 Accepted: 30 July 2015 Published: 4 March 2016
Abstract
Spatial variability of soil properties such as soil structure and soil penetrometer resistance (SPR) is relevant for identifying those zones with physical degradation. We used classical statistical and multifractal analyses for characterising the spatial patterns of SPR distributions and compared them at different soil depths to investigate the tillage effect in soil compaction. The study was conducted on an Ochrept dedicated to olive orchards for the last 70 years. Two parallel transects of 64 m were selected as different soil-management plots: conventional tillage and no tillage. Penetrometer resistance readings were carried out at 50-cm intervals within the first 20 cm of soil depth. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) highlighted that tillage system, soil depth and their interaction were statistically significant to explain the variance of SPR data from 5 to 20 cm soil depth. The scaling properties of each SPR profile were characterised by τ(q) function, calculated in the range of moment orders (q) between −5 and +5 taken at 0.5 lag increments. Several parameters were calculated from this: the singularities of strength (α); the Hausdorff dimension (f(α)); entropy dimension (α1); and their multifractal spectrum, i.e. graph α v. f(α). Multifractal scaling was evident and added valuable information to describe the spatial arrangement of depth-dependent penetrometer datasets in all soil layers, which was complementary to the ANOVA results.
Additional keywords: ANOVA, multifractal analysis, olive orchard, soil degradation.
References
Abazi U, Lorite IJ, Cárceles B, Martínez Raya A, Durán VH, Francia JR, Gómez JA (2013) A conceptual water balance model for analyzing rainfall water use in olive orchards under different soil and cover crop management strategies. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 91, 35–48.| A conceptual water balance model for analyzing rainfall water use in olive orchards under different soil and cover crop management strategies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Acín-Carrera M, José Marques M, Carral P, Álvarez AM, López C, Martín-López B, González JA (2013) Impacts of land-use intensity on soil organic carbon content, soil structure and water-holding capacity. Soil Use and Management 29, 547–556.
| Impacts of land-use intensity on soil organic carbon content, soil structure and water-holding capacity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Andraud C, Beghdadi A, Lafait J (1994) Entropic analysis of morphologies. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 207, 208–212.
| Entropic analysis of morphologies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
ASAE (1986) ‘Soil cone penetrometer.’ ASAE Standards S313, 2. (American Society of Agricultural Engineers: St. Joseph, MI, USA)
Burrough PA, Bouma J, Yates SR (1994) The state of the art in pedometrics. Geoderma 62, 311–326.
| The state of the art in pedometrics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Caniego FJ, Espejo R, Martín MA, San José F (2005) Multifractal scaling of soil spatial variability. Ecological Modelling 182, 291–303.
| Multifractal scaling of soil spatial variability.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Corder GW, Foreman DI (2014) ‘Nonparametric statistics: A step-by-step approach.’ (Wiley: New York)
de Bartolo S, Otten W, Cheng Q, Tarquis AM (2011) Modeling soil system: complexity under your feet. Biogeosciences 8, 3139–3142.
| Modeling soil system: complexity under your feet.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Evertsz CJG, Mandelbrot BB (1992) Multifractal measures. In ‘Chaos and fractals’. (Eds H-O Peitgen, H Jürgens, RF Voss) pp. 922–953. (Springer-Verlag: New York)
Feder J (1989) ‘Fractals.’ (Plenum Press: New York)
Folorunso OA, Puente CE, Rolston DE, Pinzón JE (1994) Statistical and fractal evaluation of the spatial characteristics of soil surface strength. Soil Science Society of America Journal 58, 284–294.
| Statistical and fractal evaluation of the spatial characteristics of soil surface strength.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
García NE, Uriostegui Y, Alvarez G, Ibañez J, Krasilnikov P (2008) Spatial distribution of the soil properties controlling soil resistance to erosion at a coffee growing farm in Sierra Sur de Oaxaca. In ‘Soil geography and geostatistics. Concepts and applications’. Ch. 4. JRC Scientific and Technical Reports (Eds P Krasilnikov, F Carré, L Montanarella) pp. 37–45. (Office for Official Publications of the European Communities: Luxembourg)
García Moreno R, Diaz Alvarez MC, Saa Requejo A, Tarquis AM (2008) Multifractal analysis of soil surface roughness. Vadose Zone Journal 7, 512–520.
| Multifractal analysis of soil surface roughness.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gómez JA (1998) Modelización de los procesos de interceptación de lluvia e infiltración en un olivar. PhD Thesis, Universidad de Córdoba, Spain. [In Spanish]
Gómez JA, Giráldez JV, Pastor M, Fereres E (1999) Effects of tillage method on soil physical properties, infiltration and yield in an olive orchard. Soil & Tillage Research 52, 167–175.
| Effects of tillage method on soil physical properties, infiltration and yield in an olive orchard.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Goovaerts P (1997) ‘Geostatistics for natural resources evaluation.’ (Oxford University Press: New York)
Goovaerts P (1998) Geostatistical tools for characterizing the spatial variability of microbiological and physico-chemical soil properties. Biology and Fertility of Soils 27, 315–334.
| Geostatistical tools for characterizing the spatial variability of microbiological and physico-chemical soil properties.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXlvFeguro%3D&md5=97213b3e524c296398dc82820ee52adaCAS |
Gouyet JF ((1996) ‘Physics and fractal structures.’ (Springer-Verlag: New York)
Halsey TC, Jensen MH, Kadanoff LP, Procaccia I, Shraiman BI (1986) Fractal measures and their singularities: the characterization of strange sets. Physical Review A. 33, 1141–1151.
| Fractal measures and their singularities: the characterization of strange sets.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 9896729PubMed |
IUSS Working Group WRB (2007) World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2006. First updates 2007. World Soil Resources Report No. 103. FAO, Rome.
Kravchenko AN, Omonode R, Bollero GA, Bullock DG (2002) Quantitative mapping of soil drainage classes using topographical data and soil electrical conductivity. Soil Science Society of America Journal 66, 235–243.
| Quantitative mapping of soil drainage classes using topographical data and soil electrical conductivity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XlslOqtbg%3D&md5=5a2d647581287363edf9ee7db6219830CAS |
Kravchenko AN, Thelen KD, Bullock DG, Miller NR (2003) Relationship among crop grain yield, topography, and soil electrical conductivity studied with cross-correlograms. Agronomy Journal 95, 1132–1139.
| Relationship among crop grain yield, topography, and soil electrical conductivity studied with cross-correlograms.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Logsdon SD, Perfect E, Tarquis AM (2008) Multiscale soil investigations: physical concepts and mathematical techniques. Vadose Zone Journal 7, 453–455.
| Multiscale soil investigations: physical concepts and mathematical techniques.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mandelbrot BB (1982) ‘The fractal geometry of nature.’ (W.H. Freeman: New York)
Millán H, Tarquis AM, Pérez LP, Mato J, González-Posada M (2012) Spatial variability patterns of some Vertisol properties at a field scale using standardized data. Soil & Tillage Research 120, 76–84.
| Spatial variability patterns of some Vertisol properties at a field scale using standardized data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Milne AE, Castellanos MT, Cartagena MC, Tarquis AM, Lark RM (2010) Investigating the effect of previous treatments on wheat biomass over multiple spatial frequencies. Biogeosciences 7, 2739–2747.
| Investigating the effect of previous treatments on wheat biomass over multiple spatial frequencies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Moreno F, Enrique FJ, Clothier BE, Green SR (1996) Transpiration and root water uptake by olive trees. Plant and Soil 184, 85–96.
| Transpiration and root water uptake by olive trees.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXlsVOltQ%3D%3D&md5=3c8bfa00d90b7083e5fa38fc91f58c9dCAS |
Paz-Ferreiro J, Marinho M de A, da Silva LFS, Motoshima ST, da Silva Dias R (2013) The effects of bulk density and water potential on multifractal characteristics of soil penetration resistance microprofiles measured on disturbed soil samples. Vadose Zone Journal 12,
| The effects of bulk density and water potential on multifractal characteristics of soil penetration resistance microprofiles measured on disturbed soil samples.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhsV2rt73N&md5=ea1252b5d5927e39d712f5b5c320e6a7CAS |
Peitgen H, Jürgens H, Saupe D (1992) ‘Chaos and fractal: new frontiers of science (Appendix B. Multifractal measures).’ (Hamilton Printing Co.: New York)
Pérez L, Millán H, González-Posada M (2010) Spatial complexity of soil plow layer penetrometer resistance as influenced by sugarcane harvesting: a prefractal approach. Soil & Tillage Research 110, 77–86.
| Spatial complexity of soil plow layer penetrometer resistance as influenced by sugarcane harvesting: a prefractal approach.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Perrier E, Tarquis AM, Dathe A (2006) A program for fractal and multifractal analysis of two dimensional binary images computer algorithms versus mathematical theory. Geoderma 134, 284–294.
| A program for fractal and multifractal analysis of two dimensional binary images computer algorithms versus mathematical theory.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Royo Gómez J (2006) ‘El Mioceno continental ibérico y su fauna malacológica.’ (Universidad de Salamanca: Salamanca, Spain) [In Spanish]
Shannon CE, Weaver W (1949) ‘The mathematical theory of communication.’ (University of Illinois Press: Chicago, IL, USA)
Siqueira GM, Silva EF, Montenegro AA, Vidal Vázquez E, Paz-Ferreiro J (2013) Multifractal analysis of vertical profiles of soil penetration resistance at the field scale. Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 20, 529–541.
| Multifractal analysis of vertical profiles of soil penetration resistance at the field scale.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Soil Survey Staff (2014) ‘Keys to Soil Taxonomy.’ 12th edn (USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service: Washington, DC)
Tarquis AM, Losada JC, Benito R, Borondo F (2001) Multifractal analysis of the Tori destruction in a molecular Hamiltonian System. Physical Review E: Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics 65, 016213
| Multifractal analysis of the Tori destruction in a molecular Hamiltonian System.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tarquis AM, Giménez D, Saa A, Díaz MC, Gascó JM (2003) Scaling and multiscaling of soil pore systems determined by image analysis. In ‘Scaling methods in soil physics’. (Eds Y Pachepsky, DE Radcliffe, H Magdi Selim) pp. 19–33. (CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA)
Vereecken H, Kasteel R, Vanderborght J, Harter T (2007) Upscaling hydraulic properties and soil water flow processes in heterogeneous soils: A review. Vadose Zone Journal 6, 1–28.
| Upscaling hydraulic properties and soil water flow processes in heterogeneous soils: A review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zdruli P, Jones RJA, Montanarella L (2004) Organic matter in the soils of southern Europe. European Soil Bureau Technical Report. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg.
Zeleke TB, Si BC (2004) Scaling properties of topographic indices and crop yield: Multifractal and joint multifractal approaches. Agronomy Journal 96, 1082–1090.
| Scaling properties of topographic indices and crop yield: Multifractal and joint multifractal approaches.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zeleke TB, Si BC (2006) Characterizing scale-dependent spatial relationships between soil properties using multifractal techniques. Geoderma 134, 440–452.
| Characterizing scale-dependent spatial relationships between soil properties using multifractal techniques.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
