Soil genesis on hypersaline tidal flats (apicum ecosystem) in a tropical semi-arid estuary (Ceará, Brazil)
A. G. B. M. Albuquerque A , T. O. Ferreira B F , G. N. Nóbrega B , R. E. Romero A , V. S. Souza Júnior C , A. J. A. Meireles D and X. L. Otero E
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Departamento de Ciências do Solo, Universidade Federal do Ceará, UFC, M.B.12168, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
B Departamento de Ciência do Solo, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
C Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, UFRPE, Recife – Pernambuco, Brazil.
D Departamento de Geografia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, UFC, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
E Departamento Edafoloxía y Química Agrícola, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
F Corresponding author. Email: toferreira@usp.br
Soil Research 52(2) 140-154 https://doi.org/10.1071/SR13179
Submitted: 16 October 2012 Accepted: 22 October 2013 Published: 13 March 2014
Abstract
Wetland soils, especially those under a semi-arid climate, are among the least studied soils in the tropics. The hypersaline tidal flats on the north-eastern Brazilian coast, locally named apicum, are coastal wetland ecosystems in the peripheral portions of semi-arid estuaries. Despite their great ecological importance, they have been highly impacted by anthropogenic activities. Morphological and analytical data of six soil profiles, representative of the different coastal compartments (mangroves, apicum and coastal tablelands) of the north-eastern Brazilian coast, were examined to better understand the pedogenesis of apicum soils. The hypersaline tidal flat soils were classified as Typic Fluvaquents and Typic Sulfaquents with the following main characteristics: predominance of sand fraction (62–77%); presence of high-activity clays (>24 cmolc kg–1 clay); clay fraction comprising kaolinite, illite, smectite and an interstratified smectite/illite; exchangeable complex dominated by Na+ (ESP ≥15%); elevated levels of salinity (electrical conductivity, EC 25–44 dS m–1); alkaline pH values (7.5–9.5). The sandy texture and quartz-dominated composition of the hypersaline, tidal flat soils indicate a pedogenesis associated with the superficial addition of mineral material. This upbuilding process would have lowered the watertable (relatively to the ground level) and decreased the flooding frequency by the tides, favouring salinisation and solonisation processes at the hypersaline tidal flats. Furthermore, the still-existing hydromorphism would have promoted the maintenance of gleisation and sulfidisation. The presence of pyrite on the hyper-saline tidal flat soils further corroborates the formation of apicum soils from/over buried mangroves.
Additional keywords: coastal wetlands, mineralogy, soil genesis.
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