Metal bioavailability dynamics during a two-year trial using ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) grown in soils treated with biosolids and metal salts
Amanda Black A E , Ronald G. McLaren A , Suzanne M. Reichman B , Thomas W. Speir C , Leo M. Condron A and Gary Houliston D
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Soil and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, PO Box 84, Lincoln 7647, Christchurch, New Zealand.
B School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne 3001, Australia.
C Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd (ESR), PO Box 50348, Porirua 5240, New Zealand.
D Landcare Research, PO Box 40, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand.
E Corresponding author. Email: amanda.black@lincoln.ac.nz
Soil Research 50(4) 304-311 https://doi.org/10.1071/SR11315
Submitted: 29 November 2011 Accepted: 1 May 2012 Published: 28 June 2012
Abstract
A 24-month field lysimeter experiment using ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) grown in three soil types was used to investigate metal bioavailability dynamics following amendment with biosolids and metal salts (Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn). Common surrogates of soil metal bioavailability (total soil metal, EDTA, Ca(NO3)2, total dissolved, diffusive gradient in thin film, and modelled free ion activity) were determined on soil samples taken every 6 months. Ryegrass was also harvested every 6 months and analysed for metal concentrations. Across soils and treatments dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and pH decreased, whereas dissolved Ca and Mg increased with time. The free ion activity concentrations of each metal also increased over 24 months, whereas Ca(NO3)2-extracted metals were unchanged. Zinc presented the most changes in bioavailability status, with total Zn concentration decreasing over time, and EDTA-extractable and soil solution Zn increasing significantly by 1.82 mg kg–1 (1.1%) and 1.52 mg L–1 (29%), respectively. Shoot concentration of Zn increased by 1.32 mg kg–1 (2.7%), whereas shoot Ni concentration decreased by 0.65 mg kg–1 (4%). The findings of this study clearly demonstrated that over 24 months, soil metal bioavailability and shoot metal concentrations register only minor changes and appear to be unaffected by soil DOC and pH fluctuations.
Additional keywords: bioavailability, biosolids, metals, ryegrass.
References
Amery F, Degryse F, Cheyns K, De Troyer I, Mertens J, Merckx R, Smolders E (2008) The UV-absorbance of dissolved organic matter predicts the fivefold variation in its affinity for mobilizing Cu in an agricultural soil horizon. European Journal of Soil Science 59, 1087–1095.| The UV-absorbance of dissolved organic matter predicts the fivefold variation in its affinity for mobilizing Cu in an agricultural soil horizon.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXmvV2luw%3D%3D&md5=07f71c641f3bcecd740e205ea031e1c9CAS |
Antoniadis V (2008) Sewage sludge application and soil properties effects on short-term zinc leaching in soil columns. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 190, 35–43.
| Sewage sludge application and soil properties effects on short-term zinc leaching in soil columns.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXkvVSjs7o%3D&md5=0bb8fdfeffb1185fddff1c999ddf7cb1CAS |
Antoniadis V, Alloway BJ (2001) Availability of Cd, Ni and Zn to ryegrass in sewage sludge-treated soils at different temperatures. Water Air and Soil Pollution 132, 201–214.
Antoniadis V, Alloway BJ (2002a) Leaching of cadmium, nickel, and zinc down the profile of sewage sludge-treated soil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 33, 273–286.
| Leaching of cadmium, nickel, and zinc down the profile of sewage sludge-treated soil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xht1OgtL8%3D&md5=7ab436d5edbe48d8e44982028bcb8f35CAS |
Antoniadis V, Alloway BJ (2002b) The role of dissolved organic carbon in the mobility of Cd, Ni and Zn in sewage sludge-amended soils. Environmental Pollution 117, 515–521.
| The role of dissolved organic carbon in the mobility of Cd, Ni and Zn in sewage sludge-amended soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xms1ehtg%3D%3D&md5=a92148c6e4ad57431020f8a2c35e4e72CAS |
Ashworth DJ, Alloway BJ (2004) Soil mobility of sewage sludge-derived dissolved organic matter, copper, nickel and zinc. Environmental Pollution 127, 137–144.
| Soil mobility of sewage sludge-derived dissolved organic matter, copper, nickel and zinc.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXnvFWjsLo%3D&md5=7ee76f1cfafbc86971fa651baaeeab86CAS |
Black A, McLaren R, Reichman S, Speir T, Condron L (2011) Evaluation of soil metal bioavailability estimates using two plant species (L. perenne and T. aestivum) grown in a range of agricultural soils treated with biosolids and metal salts. Environmental Pollution 159, 1523–1535.
| Evaluation of soil metal bioavailability estimates using two plant species (L. perenne and T. aestivum) grown in a range of agricultural soils treated with biosolids and metal salts.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXltFOqsbY%3D&md5=6271de9462ccd2d9f7444ed747ede5aaCAS |
Buekers J, Degryse F, Maes A, Smolders E (2008) Modelling the effects of ageing on Cd, Zn, Ni and Cu solubility in soils using an assemblage model. European Journal of Soil Science 59, 1160–1170.
| Modelling the effects of ageing on Cd, Zn, Ni and Cu solubility in soils using an assemblage model.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXmvV2ktA%3D%3D&md5=b2417296496d276aa4d58fcd0476bb8aCAS |
Butterly C, Tang C, Baldock J (2008) Effect of initial soil pH and organic matter type on soil pH change. In ‘Australasian Soil Science Society Conference’. Abstract. 1–5 December 2008, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
Chaney RL, Chen KY, Li YM, Angle JS, Baker AJM (2008) Effects of calcium on nickel tolerance and accumulation in Alyssum species and cabbage grown in nutrient solution. Plant and Soil 311, 131–140.
Chojnacka K, Chojnacki A, Gorecka H, Gorecki H (2005) Bioavailability of heavy metals from polluted soils to plants. The Science of the Total Environment 337, 175–182.
| Bioavailability of heavy metals from polluted soils to plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXktFyi&md5=5a0dabf04fb810f0a871594cfbc2ae41CAS |
Deram A, Denayer FO, Petit D, Van Haluwyn C (2006) Seasonal variations of cadmium and zinc in Arrhenatherum elatius, a perennial grass species from highly contaminated soils. Environmental Pollution 140, 62–70.
| Seasonal variations of cadmium and zinc in Arrhenatherum elatius, a perennial grass species from highly contaminated soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XitFOhtw%3D%3D&md5=05f63fdde9a096252dbbc1dabdfab30cCAS |
Doig LE, Liber K (2007) Nickel speciation in the presence of different sources and fractions of dissolved organic matter. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 66, 169–177.
| Nickel speciation in the presence of different sources and fractions of dissolved organic matter.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xht1KltLzO&md5=ecc8a586dd3c72af3eb67649ca345990CAS |
Ernstberger H, Zhang H, Tye A, Young S, Davison W (2005) Desorption kinetics of Cd, Zn, and Ni measured in soils by DGT. Environmental Science & Technology 39, 1591–1597.
| Desorption kinetics of Cd, Zn, and Ni measured in soils by DGT.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXht1yhu7Y%3D&md5=c48d2af53dad0cdf5327f5023f77705dCAS |
Goss MJ, Ehlers W (2009) The role of lysimeters in the development of our understanding of soil water and nutrient dynamics in ecosystems. Soil Use and Management 25, 213–223.
| The role of lysimeters in the development of our understanding of soil water and nutrient dynamics in ecosystems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gray CW, McLaren RG (2006) Soil factors affecting heavy metal solubility in some New Zealand soils. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 175, 3–14.
Gray CW, McLaren RG, Roberts AHC, Condron LM (1999a) Cadmium phytoavailability in some New Zealand soils. Australian Journal of Soil Research 37, 461–477.
| Cadmium phytoavailability in some New Zealand soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXjtlKks70%3D&md5=6c8586990b767fbc31ebe7e4eb8ec2f0CAS |
Gray CW, McLaren RG, Roberts AHC, Condron LM (1999b) The effect of long-term phosphatic fertiliser applications on the amounts and forms of cadmium in soils under pasture in New Zealand. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 54, 267–277.
| The effect of long-term phosphatic fertiliser applications on the amounts and forms of cadmium in soils under pasture in New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXltVKqtbw%3D&md5=3bb044c14c9b96e260cd1373b5c426ebCAS |
Gray CW, McLaren RG, Roberts AHC, Condron LM (1999c) Effect of soil pH on cadmium phytoavailability in some New Zealand soils. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 27, 169–179.
| Effect of soil pH on cadmium phytoavailability in some New Zealand soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXmtlCgtrw%3D&md5=89116a694e8f9dcace97eba2f69ce288CAS |
Harper MP, Davison W, Tych W (2000) DIFS – a modelling and simulation tool for DGT induced trace metal remobilisation in sediments and soils. Environmental Modelling & Software 15, 55–66.
| DIFS – a modelling and simulation tool for DGT induced trace metal remobilisation in sediments and soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Helyar KR, Porter WM (1989) Soil acidification, its measurement and the processes involved. Soil Acidity and Plant Growth 61–101.
Hough RL, Tye AM, Crout NMJ, McGrath SP, Zhang H, Young SD (2005) Evaluating a ‘Free Ion Activity Model’ applied to metal uptake by Lolium perenne L. grown in contaminated soils. Plant and Soil 270, 1–12.
| Evaluating a ‘Free Ion Activity Model’ applied to metal uptake by Lolium perenne L. grown in contaminated soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXks1ektLk%3D&md5=8ece9985d21d32664211055fe365b2ccCAS |
Kovács B, Prokisch J, Gyori Z, Kovacs AB, Palenscar AJ (2000) Studies on soil sample preparation for inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry analysis. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 31, 1949–1963.
| Studies on soil sample preparation for inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lair GJ, Gerzabek MH, Haberhauer G, Jakusch M, Kirchmann H (2006) Response of the sorption behavior of Cu, Cd, and Zn to different soil management. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science–Zeitschrift Fur Pflanzenernahrung Und Bodenkunde 169, 60–68.
| Response of the sorption behavior of Cu, Cd, and Zn to different soil management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XitFyms7g%3D&md5=0797dae5ee53543012a96cf9821aa5f3CAS |
Lair GJ, Gerzabek MH, Haberhauer G (2007) Retention of copper, cadmium and zinc in soil and its textural fractions influenced by long-term field management. European Journal of Soil Science 58, 1145–1154.
| Retention of copper, cadmium and zinc in soil and its textural fractions influenced by long-term field management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtFygsLnO&md5=90cf47e3ae7465a31a1d4d88095eaea6CAS |
McBride MB (1994) Environmental chemistry of soils. Environmental Chemistry of Soils vii, 406
McBride M, Sauve S, Hendershot W (1997) Solubility control of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in contaminated soils. European Journal of Soil Science 48, 337–346.
| Solubility control of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in contaminated soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXltFCgsLs%3D&md5=c614c55f3bef4ef17bb93592fda43505CAS |
McLaren RG, Clucas LM (2001) Fractionation of copper, nickel, and zinc in metal-spiked sewage sludge. Journal of Environmental Quality 30, 1968–1975.
| Fractionation of copper, nickel, and zinc in metal-spiked sewage sludge.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xht1SlsLg%3D&md5=15beb18849572bc4280201e1bf9be3c1CAS |
McLaren RG, Swift RS, Quinn BF (1984) EDTA-extractable copper, zinc and manganese in the soils of the Canterbury Plains. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 27, 207–217.
| EDTA-extractable copper, zinc and manganese in the soils of the Canterbury Plains.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL2cXmtV2rtrY%3D&md5=5cbcf2564979fe4324aedd22cec63b04CAS |
McLaren RG, Clucas LM, Taylor MD, Hendry T (2003) Leaching of macronutrients and metals from undisturbed soils treated with metal-spiked sewage sludge 1. Leaching of macronutrients. Australian Journal of Soil Research 41, 571–588.
| Leaching of macronutrients and metals from undisturbed soils treated with metal-spiked sewage sludge 1. Leaching of macronutrients.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXlslOgtL0%3D&md5=5a763a0a9dc90348214fbd79175ca34dCAS |
McLaren RG, Clucas LM, Taylor MD, Hendry T (2004) Leaching of macronutrients and metals from undisturbed soils treated with metal-spiked sewage sludge 2. Leaching of metals. Australian Journal of Soil Research 42, 459–471.
| Leaching of macronutrients and metals from undisturbed soils treated with metal-spiked sewage sludge 2. Leaching of metals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXltF2hu7Y%3D&md5=4dcaa081b776499481f7f91f57463ce7CAS |
McLaren RG, Clucas LM, Taylor MD, Hendry T (2005) Leaching of macronutrients and metals from undisturbed soils treated with metal-spiked sewage sludge 3. Distribution of residual metals. Australian Journal of Soil Research 43, 159–170.
| Leaching of macronutrients and metals from undisturbed soils treated with metal-spiked sewage sludge 3. Distribution of residual metals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXivVOjur0%3D&md5=28d4487403c2f854b601f1e792e008daCAS |
McLaughlin MJ, Zarcinas BA, Stevens DP, Cook N (1999) Soil testing for heavy metals. In ‘International Symposium on Soil and Plant Analysis’. pp. 1661–1700. (Marcel Dekker Inc.: Brisbane)
McLaughlin MJ, Hamon RE, McLaren RG, Speir TW, Rogers SL (2000) Review: A bioavailability-based rationale for controlling metal and metalloid contamination of agricultural land in Australia and New Zealand. Australian Journal of Soil Research 38, 1037–1086.
| Review: A bioavailability-based rationale for controlling metal and metalloid contamination of agricultural land in Australia and New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXot1Wjs7o%3D&md5=f4399a275c86f870b42dd958f8b4b1cdCAS |
McLaughlin MJ, Warne MSJ, Stevens DP, Whatmuff MS, Heemsbergen D, Broos K, Barry G, Bell MJ, Nash D, Pritchard D, Penney N (2007) Australia’s National Biosolid Research Program – how it came about, and what has it discovered? Water Practice & Technology 2, Art No. 88
Meers E, Du Laing G, Tack FMG, Verloo MG (2009) Heavy metal displacement by exchangeable bases (Ca, Mg, K, Na) in soils and sediments. Soil Science 174, 202–209.
Menzies NW, Donn MJ, Kopittke PM (2007) Evaluation of extractants for estimation of the phytoavailable trace metals in soils. Environmental Pollution 145, 121–130.
Merrington G, Smernik RJ (2004) Cadmium sorption in biosolids amended soils: results from a field trial. The Science of the Total Environment 327, 239–247.
| Cadmium sorption in biosolids amended soils: results from a field trial.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXksVekurY%3D&md5=a920b0e25a4cd1273f935b1a1ed1790eCAS |
Molas J, Baran S (2004) Relationship between the chemical form of nickel applied to the soil and its uptake and toxicity to barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L.). Geoderma 122, 247–255.
| Relationship between the chemical form of nickel applied to the soil and its uptake and toxicity to barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXntlaqt7k%3D&md5=a418b68b65467ae3efa23c9c79b00fefCAS |
Nolan AL, Zhang H, McLaughlin MJ (2005) Prediction of zinc, cadmium, lead, and copper availability to wheat in contaminated soils using chemical speciation, diffusive gradients in thin films, extraction, and isotopic dilution techniques. Journal of Environmental Quality 34, 496–507.
Nolan AL, Ma Y, Lombi E, McLaughlin MJ (2009) Speciation and isotopic exchangeability of nickel in soil solution. Journal of Environmental Quality 38, 485–492.
| Speciation and isotopic exchangeability of nickel in soil solution.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXjt12itb0%3D&md5=9552240697562592fbe1207a409aa1e2CAS |
Nwachukwu OI, Pulford ID (2009) Soil metal immobilization and ryegrass uptake of lead, copper and zinc as affected by application of organic materials as soil amendments in a short-term greenhouse trial. Soil Use and Management 25, 159–167.
| Soil metal immobilization and ryegrass uptake of lead, copper and zinc as affected by application of organic materials as soil amendments in a short-term greenhouse trial.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
NZWWA (2003) ‘Guidelines for the safe application of biosolids to land in New Zealand.’ (New Zealand Waste Water Association: Wellington)
Oliver IW, McLaughlin MJ, Merrington G (2005) Temporal trends of total and potentially available element concentrations in sewage biosolids: a comparison of biosolid surveys conducted 18 years apart. Science of the Total Environment 337, 139–145.
Rooney CP, Zhao FJ, McGrath SP (2007) Phytotoxicity of nickel in a range of European soils: Influence of soil properties, Ni solubility and speciation. Environmental Pollution 145, 596–605.
| Phytotoxicity of nickel in a range of European soils: Influence of soil properties, Ni solubility and speciation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xht1Kgur7M&md5=8d0aeee26793fe7352dba681673bd5a6CAS |
Ruttens A, Mench M, Colpaert JV, Boisson J, Carleer R, Vangronsveld J (2006) Phytostabilization of a metal contaminated sandy soil. I: Influence of compost and/or inorganic metal immobilizing soil amendments on phytotoxicity and plant availability of metals. Environmental Pollution 144, 524–532.
| Phytostabilization of a metal contaminated sandy soil. I: Influence of compost and/or inorganic metal immobilizing soil amendments on phytotoxicity and plant availability of metals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XpslSltLY%3D&md5=54d8727ec486ad3343e6fc5986bb6e06CAS |
Smart MC, Zarcinas G, Stevens B, Barry D, Cockley G, McLaughlin TM (2004) CSIRO Land and Water’s Methods Manual for ACIAR Project No. LWR1/1998/119. CSIRO Land and Water.
Smith SR (2009) A critical review of the bioavailability and impacts of heavy metals in municipal solid waste composts compared to sewage sludge. Environment International 35, 142–156.
Sochaczewski L, Tych W, Davison B, Zhang H (2007) 2D DGT induced fluxes in sediments and soils (2D DIFS). Environmental Modelling and Software 22, 14–23.
Speir TW, van Schaik AP, Percival HJ, Close ME, Pang LP (2003) Heavy metals in soil, plants and groundwater following high-rate sewage sludge application to land. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 150, 319–358.
| Heavy metals in soil, plants and groundwater following high-rate sewage sludge application to land.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXotVWksLw%3D&md5=5048cf1271240527f557dd98287a918bCAS |
Speir TW, Horswell J, van Schaik AP, McLaren RG, Fietje G (2004) Composted biosolids enhance fertility of a sandy loam soil under dairy pasture. Biology and Fertility of Soils 40, 349–358.
Speir TW, van Schaik AP, Hunter LC, Ryburn JL, Percival HJ (2007) Attempts to derive EC50 values for heavy metals from land-applied Cu-, Ni-, and Zn-spiked sewage sludge. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 39, 539–549.
| Attempts to derive EC50 values for heavy metals from land-applied Cu-, Ni-, and Zn-spiked sewage sludge.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xht1KrsbjO&md5=190bbb9a5323885c09ba911b16c340b6CAS |
Sullivan TS, Stromberger ME, Paschke MW, Ippolito JA (2006) Long-term impacts of infrequent biosolids applications on chemical and microbial properties of a semi-arid rangeland soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils 42, 258–266.
Tipping E (1994) WHAM: a chemical equilibrium model and computer code for waters, sediments, and soils incorporating a discrete site/electrostatic model of ion-binding by humic substances. Computers & Geosciences 20, 973–1023.
| WHAM: a chemical equilibrium model and computer code for waters, sediments, and soils incorporating a discrete site/electrostatic model of ion-binding by humic substances.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXhtlyhtrY%3D&md5=96ed4c844bcacaeff5fd1a5ca0b120d1CAS |
Tipping E (1998) Humic ion-binding Model VI: an improved description of the interactions of protons and metal ions with humic substances. Aquatic Geochemistry 4, 3–47.
| Humic ion-binding Model VI: an improved description of the interactions of protons and metal ions with humic substances.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXntlSjuro%3D&md5=2275e2336332bcedd68e795544963cebCAS |
Walter I, Martinez F, Alonso L, de Gracia J, Cuevas G (2002) Extractable soil heavy metals following the cessation of biosolids application to agricultural soil. Environmental Pollution 117, 315–321.
| Extractable soil heavy metals following the cessation of biosolids application to agricultural soil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XhsFOh&md5=749594c4e28f4340460fc27e6c5ac5bcCAS |
Zhang H, Young SD (2005) Characterizing the availability of metals in contaminated soils. II. The soil solution. Soil Use and Management 21, 459–467.
| Characterizing the availability of metals in contaminated soils. II. The soil solution.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zhang H, Davison W, Knight B, McGrath S (1998) In situ measurements of solution concentrations and fluxes of trace metals in soils using DGT. Environmental Science & Technology 32, 704–710.
| In situ measurements of solution concentrations and fluxes of trace metals in soils using DGT.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXlvF2ktQ%3D%3D&md5=4044912a8d3b9575c6dd6aa2e5289ca0CAS |
Zhang H, Lombi E, Smolders E, McGrath S (2004) Kinetics of Zn release in soils and prediction of Zn concentration in plants using diffusive gradients in thin. Environmental Science & Technology 38, 3608–3613.
| Kinetics of Zn release in soils and prediction of Zn concentration in plants using diffusive gradients in thin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXktlWltrY%3D&md5=eb0bca117a25dda70e951c4ba26f4673CAS |
Zhao FJ, Rooney CP, Zhang H, McGrath SP (2006) Comparison of soil solution speciation and diffusive gradients in thin-films measurement as an indicator of copper bioavailability to plants. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 25, 733–742.
