Effect of K+ on Na–Ca exchange and the SAR-ESP relationship
S. Laurenson A C , E. Smith A , N. S. Bolan A and M. McCarthy B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
B South Australian Research and Development Institute, Viticulture Division, Nuriootpa, SA 5355, Australia.
C Current address: AgResearch Invermay, Private Bag 50034, Mosgiel 9053, New Zealand.
D Corresponding author. Email: seth.laurenson@agresearch.co.nz
Soil Research 49(6) 538-546 https://doi.org/10.1071/SR11192
Submitted: 26 March 2011 Accepted: 12 August 2011 Published: 25 August 2011
Abstract
In Australia, application of winery wastewater to land is increasingly being viewed as the most environmentally sound and cost-effective means of disposal. This wastewater contains high concentrations of both sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+), which have the potential to accumulate in the profile of irrigated soils and adversely alter physical properties such as aggregate stability and hydraulic conductivity. Cation exchange equilibria in soil of mixed illite and kaolinite mineralogy have been investigated in binary Ca–Na and Ca–K systems and in a ternary Ca–Na–K system. In the respective binary systems, resulting exchangeable potassium percentage was nearly twice the corresponding exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), indicating a high binding affinity of K+ in this soil.
In a ternary system, soils were equilibrated with solutions of differing sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and potassium adsorption ratio (PAR) within ranges typical of winery wastewater. The presence of K+ had a significant effect on the relationship between SAR and ESP, whereby ESP decreased with increasing PAR. Resulting ESP in the ternary system was consistently lower than in the binary system. Cation selectivity between solid and solution phases in the ternary system was calculated from the Vanselow and K-selectivity coefficients and showed a decreasing selectivity for Na+ with increasing K+ in solution. It is expected that, due to the high K+ content of winery wastewater (i.e. >400 mg/L), adsorption of Na+, and subsequent ESP, will be less than in wastewaters of comparable Na+ concentration yet absent K+.
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