Extraction of compounds associated with water repellency in sandy soils of different origin
S. H. Doerr A G , C. T. Llewellyn B , P. Douglas B , C. P. Morley B , K. A. Mainwaring B , C. Haskins B , L. Johnsey B , C. J. Ritsema C , F. Stagnitti D , G. Allinson D , A. J. D. Ferreira E , J. J. Keizer E , A. K. Ziogas F and J. Diamantis FA Department of Geography, University of Wales Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
B Department of Chemistry, University of Wales Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
C Alterra, Land Use and Soil Processes Team, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
D Deakin University, School of Ecology and Environment, PO Box 423, Warrnambool, Vic. 3280, Australia.
E Centro das Zonas Costeiras e do Mar, Departamento de Ambiente e Ordenamento, Universidade de Aveiro, P-3810-193 Aveiro; and Environmental Technologies Sector, Department of Pure and Environmental Sciences, ESAC, IPC, Bencanta, P-3040-316 Coimbra, Portugal.
F Department of Civil Engineering, Demokritus University of Thrace, 67100 Xanthi, Greece.
G Corresponding author. Email: S.Doerr@Swansea.ac.uk
Australian Journal of Soil Research 43(3) 225-237 https://doi.org/10.1071/SR04091
Submitted: 25 June 2004 Accepted: 24 December 2004 Published: 25 May 2005
Abstract
After an initial evaluation of several solvents, the efficiency of Soxhlet extractions with isopropanol/ammonia (s.g. 0.88) (70 : 30 v : v; 24 h) in extracting compounds associated with water repellency in sandy soils was examined using a range of repellent and wettable control soils (n = 15 and 4) from Australia, Greece, Portugal, The Netherlands, and the UK. Extraction efficiency and the role of the extracts in causing soil water repellency was examined by determining extract mass, sample organic carbon content and water repellency (after drying at 20°C and 105°C) pre- and post-extraction, and amounts of aliphatic C–H removed using DRIFT, and by assessing the ability of extracts to cause repellency in acid-washed sand (AWS).
Key findings are: (i) none of organic carbon content, amount of aliphatic C–H, or amount of material extracted give any significant correlation with repellency for this diverse range of soils; (ii) sample drying at 105°C is not necessarily useful before extraction, but may provide additional information on extraction effectiveness when used after extraction; (iii) the extraction removed repellency completely from 13 of the 15 repellent samples; (iv) extracts from all repellent and wettable control soils were capable of inducing repellency in AWS. The findings suggest that compounds responsible for repellency represent only a fraction of the extract composition and that their presence does not necessarily always cause repellency.
Additional keywords: water repellency, water repellence, hydrophobicity, extraction, aliphatic, DRIFT.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank K. Oostindie and L. W. Dekker for sample collection and shipment, and J. Schneider for help with the laboratory analysis. The financial assistance of the University of Wales Swansea in providing a postgraduate studentship (KAM) and a postgraduate bursary (CTL) is acknowledged. We also thank HEFCW for financial support. This study was supported by EU grant FAIR-CT98-4027 and NERC Advanced Fellowship NER/J/S/2002-00662 (SHD). This work does not necessarily reflect the European Commission's views and in no way anticipates its future policy in this area.
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