Wettability of soil aggregates from cultivated and uncultivated Ustolls and Usterts

Abstract

Soil organic matter can modify the interaction of clay minerals with water, limiting the rate of water intake of swelling clays and stabilising soil aggregates. Soil structural stability and organic C content usually decrease with cultivation. Faster wetting increases stresses on aggregates and decreases stability. Aggregate wettabilities of prairie soils under 3 different management systems (grassland, no-till, and conventional-till) were compared in the Northern Great Plains of the USA. Six Ustolls and 2 Usterts were selected as replications along the Missouri River. Wettability was measured as water drop penetration time (WDPT) and as rate of water intake under 30 and 300 mm tension. At low tension, aggregates from both cultivated fields and uncultivated grasslands showed similar wettability. Water intake in grass aggregates was attributed to a greater amount of stable pores relative to cultivated aggregates. In cultivated aggregates, slaking created planes of failure that allowed rapid water entry. Differences of wettability between management systems at 300 mm tension (in Ustolls, grasslands had greater wettability than cultivated soils, 0.24 v. 0.17 g water/h.g dry soil) and between soil orders (Usterts had longer WDPT than Ustolls, 2.9 v. 1.7 s) were explained by both clay and organic C contents. Simple measurements of aggregate wettability may be effectively used for soil quality characterisation. Aggregate wettability is a desirable property for agricultural soils when it is related to stable porosity, as may be found in high organic matter soils (e.g. grasslands). Wettability is excessive when fast aggregate wetting results in aggregate destruction as observed in low organic matter cultivated soils.