Fossil leaves of Banksia, Banksieae and pretenders: resolving the fossil genus Banksieaephyllum
Raymond J. Carpenter A B D , Gregory J. Jordan A and Robert S. Hill B C
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia.
B School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
C Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
D Corresponding author. Email: raymond.carpenter@adelaide.edu.au
Australian Systematic Botany 29(2) 126-141 https://doi.org/10.1071/SB16005
Submitted: 18 February 2016 Accepted: 11 July 2016 Published: 17 October 2016
Abstract
The genus Banksieaephyllum, originally erected for cuticle-bearing fossil leaves of subtribe Banksiinae (Proteaceae subfamily Grevilleoideae, tribe Banksieae), is reassessed. Of the 18 described species, nine are accepted within Banksia, including Banksieaephyllum obovatum Cookson & Duigan, which is synonymised with B. laeve Cookson & Duigan on the basis of new cuticular preparations. Two other species are transferred to Banksieaefolia gen. nov., a genus erected for Banksieae of uncertain affinities, and which presently includes only fossils that probably belong to subtribe Musgraveinae. The seven other Banksieaephyllum species lack definitive characters of Proteaceae (i.e. brachyparacytic stomata and annular trichome bases) and do not have Banksieae-type cylindrical trichome bases. These species are, therefore, not accepted as Proteaceae and are transferred to Pseudobanksia gen. nov., together with another fossil Banksia-like leaf species, Phyllites yallournensis Cookson & Duigan. Lectotypes are chosen for Banksia fastigata H.Deane, Banksieaephyllum acuminatum Cookson & Duigan, Banksieaephyllum angustum Cookson & Duigan and Banksieaephyllum laeve Cookson & Duigan. Implications arising from the re-assessment of Banksieaephyllum include clarification of biome conservatism in Banksieae; Banksia has long had an association with relatively open, sclerophyllous vegetation, and Musgraveinae with rainforest. Pseudobanksia and Banksia share convergent traits, but in contrast to Banksia, Pseudobanksia failed to survive the drying climates and increased fire-frequencies of the Neogene.
References
Blackburn DT (1981) Tertiary megafossil flora of Maslin Bay, South Australia: numerical taxonomic study of selected leaves. Alcheringa 5, 9–28.| Tertiary megafossil flora of Maslin Bay, South Australia: numerical taxonomic study of selected leaves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Blackburn DT (1985) Palaeobotany of the Yallourn and Morwell coal seams. Palaeobotanical Project, Report 3. State Electricity Commission of Victoria, Melbourne.
Blackburn DT, Sluiter IRK (1994) The Oligo–Miocene coal floras of southeastern Australia. In ‘Australian Vegetation History: Cretaceous to Recent’. (Ed. RS Hill) pp. 328–367. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK)
Cantrill DJ, Kennedy E, Sauquet H, Raine I (2008) Proteaceae from the Paleocene of New Zealand: implications for southern hemisphere biogeography. In ‘12th International Palynological Congress (IPC–XII)/8th International Organisation of Palaeobotany Conference (IOPC–VIII)’, Bonn, Germany, Abstract Volume. Terra Nostra 2008/2, Abstract 097. p. 43. (GeoUnion Alfred-Wegener-Stiftung)
Cardillo M, Pratt R (2013) Evolution of a hotspot genus: geographic variation in speciation and extinction rates in Banksia (Proteaceae). BMC Evolutionary Biology 13, 155
| Evolution of a hotspot genus: geographic variation in speciation and extinction rates in Banksia (Proteaceae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23957450PubMed |
Carpenter RJ (1991) Palaeovegetation and environment at Cethana, Tasmania. PhD thesis, University of Tasmania, Hobart.
Carpenter RJ (1994) Cuticular morphology and aspects of the ecology and fossil history of North Queensland rainforest Proteaceae. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 116, 249–303.
| Cuticular morphology and aspects of the ecology and fossil history of North Queensland rainforest Proteaceae.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Carpenter RJ (2012) Proteaceae leaf fossils: phylogeny, diversity, ecology and austral distributions. Botanical Review 78, 261–287.
| Proteaceae leaf fossils: phylogeny, diversity, ecology and austral distributions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Carpenter RJ, Hill RS (1988) Early Tertiary Lomatia (Proteaceae) macrofossils from Tasmania, Australia. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 56, 141–150.
| Early Tertiary Lomatia (Proteaceae) macrofossils from Tasmania, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Carpenter RJ, Jordan GJ (1997) Early Tertiary macrofossils of Proteaceae from Tasmania. Australian Systematic Botany 10, 533–563.
| Early Tertiary macrofossils of Proteaceae from Tasmania.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Carpenter RJ, Pole M (1995) Eocene plant fossils from the Lefroy and Cowan Paleodrainages, Western Australia. Australian Systematic Botany 8, 1107–1154.
| Eocene plant fossils from the Lefroy and Cowan Paleodrainages, Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Carpenter RJ, Jordan GJ, Hill RS (1994) Banksieaephyllum taylorii (Proteaceae) from the Late Palaeocene of New South Wales and its relevance to the origin of Australia’s scleromorphic flora. Australian Systematic Botany 7, 385–392.
| Banksieaephyllum taylorii (Proteaceae) from the Late Palaeocene of New South Wales and its relevance to the origin of Australia’s scleromorphic flora.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Carpenter RJ, Hill RS, Jordan GJ (2005) Leaf cuticular morphology links Platanaceae and Proteaceae. International Journal of Plant Sciences 166, 843–855.
| Leaf cuticular morphology links Platanaceae and Proteaceae.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Carpenter RJ, Jordan GJ, Lee DE, Hill RS (2010) Leaf fossils of Banksia (Proteaceae) from New Zealand: an Australian abroad. American Journal of Botany 97, 288–297.
| Leaf fossils of Banksia (Proteaceae) from New Zealand: an Australian abroad.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21622389PubMed |
Carpenter RJ, Goodwin MP, Hill RS, Kanold K (2011) Silcrete plant fossils from Lightning Ridge, New South Wales: new evidence for climate change and monsoon elements in the Australian Cenozoic. Australian Journal of Botany 59, 399–425.
| Silcrete plant fossils from Lightning Ridge, New South Wales: new evidence for climate change and monsoon elements in the Australian Cenozoic.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Carpenter RJ, McLoughlin S, Hill RS, McNamara KJ, Jordan GJ (2014) Early evidence of xeromorphy in angiosperms: stomatal encryption in a new Eocene species of Banksia (Proteaceae) from Western Australia. American Journal of Botany 101, 1486–1497.
| Early evidence of xeromorphy in angiosperms: stomatal encryption in a new Eocene species of Banksia (Proteaceae) from Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25253709PubMed |
Carpenter RJ, Macphail MK, Jordan GJ, Hill RS (2015) Fossil evidence for open, Proteaceae-dominated heathlands and fire in the Late Cretaceous of Australia. American Journal of Botany 102, 2092–2107.
| Fossil evidence for open, Proteaceae-dominated heathlands and fire in the Late Cretaceous of Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26643888PubMed |
Chapman F (1937) Descriptions of Tertiary plant remains from central Australia and from other Australian localities. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 61, 1–16.
Christophel DC (1984) Early Tertiary Proteaceae: the first floral evidence for the Musgraveinae. Australian Journal of Botany 32, 177–186.
| Early Tertiary Proteaceae: the first floral evidence for the Musgraveinae.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Christophel DC (1994) The early Tertiary macrofloras of continental Australia. In ‘Australian Vegetation History: Cretaceous to Recent’. (Ed. RS Hill) pp. 262–275. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK)
Christophel DC, Greenwood DR (1987) A megafossil flora from the Eocene of Golden Grove, South Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 111, 155–162.
Cookson IC, Duigan SL (1950) Fossil Banksieae from Yallourn, Victoria, with notes on the morphology and anatomy of living species. Australian Journal of Scientific Research, Series B: Biological Sciences 3, 133–165.
Crisp MD, Arroyo MTK, Cook LG, Gandolfo MA, Jordan GJ, McGlone MS, Weston PH, Westoby M, Wilf P, Linder HP (2009) Phylogenetic biome conservatism on a global scale. Nature 458, 754–756.
| Phylogenetic biome conservatism on a global scale.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhvFKjurw%3D&md5=2b44420684c977535faeb493f89e25b7CAS | 19219025PubMed |
Deane H (1925) Fossil leaves from the open cut, State Brown Coal Mine, Morwell. Records of the Geological Survey of Victoria 4, 492–498.
Dilcher DL (1974) Approaches to the identification of angiosperm leaf remains. Botanical Review 40, 1–157.
| Approaches to the identification of angiosperm leaf remains.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
George AS (1999a) Banksia. In ‘Flora of Australia, Vol. 17B. Proteaceae 3, Hakea to Dryandra’. (Ed. A Wilson) pp. 175–251. (ABRS: Canberra; and CSIRO: Melbourne)
George AS (1999b). Dryandra. In ‘Flora of Australia, Vol. 17B. Proteaceae 3, Hakea to Dryandra’. (Ed. A Wilson) pp. 251–363. (ABRS: Canberra; and CSIRO: Melbourne)
George AS (2014) The case against the transfer of Dryandra to Banksia (Proteaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 100, 32–49.
| The case against the transfer of Dryandra to Banksia (Proteaceae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Greenwood DR (1994) Palaeobotanical evidence for Australian Tertiary climates. In ‘Australian Vegetation History: Cretaceous to Recent’. (Ed. RS Hill) pp. 44–59. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK)
Greenwood DR, Haines PW, Steart DW (2001) New species of Banksieaeformis and a Banksia ‘cone’ (Proteaceae) from the Tertiary of central Australia. Australian Systematic Botany 14, 871–890.
| New species of Banksieaeformis and a Banksia ‘cone’ (Proteaceae) from the Tertiary of central Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hill RS (1990) Tertiary Proteaceae in Australia: a re-investigation of Banksia adunca and Dryandra urniformis. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 102, 23–28.
Hill RS (1994) The history of selected Australian taxa. In ‘Australian Vegetation History: Cretaceous to Recent’. (Ed. RS Hill) pp. 390–419. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK)
Hill RS (1998) Fossil evidence for the onset of xeromorphy and scleromorphy in Australian Proteaceae. Australian Systematic Botany 11, 391–400.
| Fossil evidence for the onset of xeromorphy and scleromorphy in Australian Proteaceae.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hill RS, Brodribb TJ (1999) Southern conifers in time and space. Australian Journal of Botany 47, 639–696.
| Southern conifers in time and space.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hill RS, Christophel DC (1988) Tertiary leaves of the tribe Banksieae (Proteaceae) from south-eastern Australia. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 97, 205–227.
| Tertiary leaves of the tribe Banksieae (Proteaceae) from south-eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hill RS, Macphail MK (1983) Reconstruction of the Oligocene vegetation at Pioneer, northeast Tasmania. Alcheringa 7, 281–299.
| Reconstruction of the Oligocene vegetation at Pioneer, northeast Tasmania.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hill RS, Merrifield HE (1993) An Early Tertiary macroflora fromWest Dale, southwestern Australia. Alcheringa 17, 285–326.
| An Early Tertiary macroflora fromWest Dale, southwestern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hummel K, Staesche K (1962) Die Verbreitung der Haartypen in den naturlichen Verwandtschaftsgruppen. In ‘Handbuch der Pflanzenanatomie, IV (5)’. (Eds JC Uphof, K Hummel) pp. 207–250. (Borntraeger: Berlin)
Hyland BPM (1999a) Musgravea. In ‘Flora of Australia. Vol. 17B. Proteaceae 3, Hakea to Dryandra’. (Ed. A Wilson) pp. 170–172. (ABRS: Canberra; and CSIRO: Melbourne)
Hyland BPM (1999b) Austromuellera. In ‘Flora of Australia, Vol. 17B. Proteaceae 3, Hakea to Dryandra’. (Ed. A Wilson) pp. 173–175. (ABRS: Canberra; and CSIRO: Melbourne)
Johnson LAS, Briggs BG (1963) Evolution in the Proteaceae. Australian Journal of Botany 11, 21–61.
| Evolution in the Proteaceae.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Johnson LAS, Briggs BG (1975) On the Proteaceae: the evolution and classification of a southern family. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 70, 83–182.
| On the Proteaceae: the evolution and classification of a southern family.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jordan GJ, Hill RS (1991) Two new Banksia species from Pleistocene sediments in western Tasmania. Australian Systematic Botany 4, 499–511.
| Two new Banksia species from Pleistocene sediments in western Tasmania.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lange RT (1978) Some Eocene leaf fragments comparable to Proteaceae. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 60, 107–114.
Mack CL, Milne LA (2015) Eocene palynology of the Mulga Rocks deposits, southern Gunbarrel Basin, Western Australia. Alcheringa 39, 444–458.
| Eocene palynology of the Mulga Rocks deposits, southern Gunbarrel Basin, Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Macphail M (2007) Australian Palaeoclimates: Cretaceous to Tertiary. A review of palaeobotanical and related evidence to the year 2000. CRC LEME Special Volume Open File Report 151. (Cooperative Research Centre for Landscape Environments and Mineral Exploration: Perth, WA) Available at http://crcleme.org.au/Pubs/OPEN%20FILE%20REPORTS/OFR%20151/OFR%20151.pdf [Verified 16 August 2016]
Magallón SA (2004) Dating lineages: molecular and paleontological approaches to the temporal framework of clades. International Journal of Plant Sciences 165, S7–S21.
| Dating lineages: molecular and paleontological approaches to the temporal framework of clades.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mast AR, Givnish TJ (2002) Historical biogeography and the origin of stomatal distributions in Banksia and Dryandra (Proteaceae) based on their cpDNA phylogeny. American Journal of Botany 89, 1311–1323.
| Historical biogeography and the origin of stomatal distributions in Banksia and Dryandra (Proteaceae) based on their cpDNA phylogeny.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXislejsw%3D%3D&md5=b2a95752f98439bb3a09b8bf01413340CAS | 21665734PubMed |
Mast AR, Thiele K (2007) The transfer of Dryandra R.Br. to Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae). Australian Systematic Botany 20, 63–71.
| The transfer of Dryandra R.Br. to Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McLoughlin S, Hill RS (1996) The succession of Western Australian Phanerozoic terrestrial floras. In ‘Gondwanan Heritage: Past, Present and Future of the Western Australian Biota’. (Eds SD Hopper, JA Chappill, MS Harvey, AS George) pp. 61–80. (Surrey Beatty: Sydney)
McLoughlin S, McNamara K (2001) ‘Ancient Floras of Western Australia.’ (Western Australian Museum: Perth)
McNamara K, Scott JK (1983) A new species of Banksia (Proteaceae) from the Eocene Merlinleigh Sandstone of the Kennedy Range, Western Australia. Alcheringa 7, 185–193.
| A new species of Banksia (Proteaceae) from the Eocene Merlinleigh Sandstone of the Kennedy Range, Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McNeill J, Barrie FR, Buck WR, Demoulin V, Greuter W, Hawksworth DL, Herendeen PS, Knapp S, Marhold K, Prado J, Prud’homme van Reine WF, Smith GF, Wiersema JH, Turland N (Eds) (2012) ‘International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (Melbourne Code)’, adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011. Regnum Vegetabile, vol. 154. (Koeltz Scientific Books: Königstein)
Pike KM (1953) Fossil fruiting cones of Casuarina and Banksia from Tertiary deposits in Victoria. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 65, 1–8.
Pole M (1997) Paleocene plant macrofossils from Kakahu, South Canterbury, New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 27, 371–400.
| Paleocene plant macrofossils from Kakahu, South Canterbury, New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pole M (1998) The Proteaceae record in New Zealand. Australian Systematic Botany 11, 343–372.
| The Proteaceae record in New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pole M 2007
Pole M, Vajda V (2009) A new terrestrial Cretaceous–Paleogene site in New Zealand: turnover in macroflora confirmed by palynology. Cretaceous Research 30, 917–938.
| A new terrestrial Cretaceous–Paleogene site in New Zealand: turnover in macroflora confirmed by palynology.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sauquet H, Weston PH, Anderson CL, Barker NP, Cantrill DJ, Mast AR, Savolainen V (2009) Contrasted patterns of hyperdiversification in Mediterranean hotspots. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106, 221–225.
| Contrasted patterns of hyperdiversification in Mediterranean hotspots.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXltF2ksw%3D%3D&md5=eaa67a60a78576b2d6fe6f40a8a4f760CAS | 19116275PubMed |
Solereder H (1908) ‘Systematic Anatomy of the Dicotyledons. 2, Monochlamydeae’, English edn. (Clarendon Press: Oxford, UK)
Specht RL, Dettmann ME, Jarzen DM (1992) Community associations and structure in the Late Cretaceous vegetation of southeast Australasia and Antarctica. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 94, 283–309.
| Community associations and structure in the Late Cretaceous vegetation of southeast Australasia and Antarctica.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Thiele K, Ladiges PY (1996) A cladistic analysis of Banksia (Proteaceae). Australian Systematic Botany 9, 661–733.
| A cladistic analysis of Banksia (Proteaceae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Vadala AJ, Drinnan AN (1998) Elaborating the fossil history of the Banksiinae: a new species of Banksieaephyllum (Proteaceae) from the late Paleocene of New South Wales. Australian Systematic Botany 11, 439–463.
| Elaborating the fossil history of the Banksiinae: a new species of Banksieaephyllum (Proteaceae) from the late Paleocene of New South Wales.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Vadala AJ, Greenwood DR (2001) Australian Paleogene vegetation and environments: evidence for palaeo-Gondwanic elements in the fossil records of Lauraceae and Proteaceae. In ‘Faunal and Floral Migrations and Evolution in SE Asia–Australasia’. (Eds I Metcalfe, JMB Smith, I Davidson) pp. 196–221. (Swets & Zeitlinger Publishers: Lisse, Netherlands)
Venkata Rao C (1957) Cytotaxonomy of the Proteaceae. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 82, 257–271.
von Ettingshausen C (1887) Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Fossilen Flora Neuseelands. Denkschriften der Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien 53, 143–194.
von Ettingshausen C (1888) Contributions to the Tertiary flora of Australia. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of New South Wales 2, 1–189.
von Ettingshausen C (1891) Contributions to the knowledge of the fossil flora of New Zealand. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute 23, 237–310.
Weston PH (2014) What has molecular systematics contributed to our knowledge of the plant family Proteaceae? In ‘Molecular Plant Taxonomy: Methods and Protocols’. (Ed. P Besse) Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 1115, pp. 365–397. (Springer: New York)
Weston PH, Barker NP (2006) A new suprageneric classification of the Proteaceae, with an annotated checklist of genera. Telopea 11, 314–344.
| A new suprageneric classification of the Proteaceae, with an annotated checklist of genera.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
