Phylogenetic analysis of the Australian Salicornioideae (Chenopodiaceae) based on morphology and nuclear DNA
K. A. Shepherd A D , T. D. Macfarlane B and M. Waycott CA School of Plant Biology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
B Department of Conservation and Land Management, Brain Street, Manjimup, WA 6258, Australia.
C School of Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, 4811, Australia.
D Corresponding author. Email: shepherd@cyllene.uwa.edu.au
Australian Systematic Botany 18(1) 89-115 https://doi.org/10.1071/SB04031
Submitted: 5 August 2004 Accepted: 31 December 2004 Published: 29 March 2005
Abstract
The Salicornioideae Kostel. are distinctive among the Chenopodiaceae Venet.. However, their phylogenetic relationships are poorly understood. Analyses of morphological and molecular characters were undertaken to evaluate relationships within the subfamily and to test the monophyly of the endemic Australian genera Halosarcia Paul G. Wilson, Pachycornia Hook.f., Sclerostegia Paul G. Wilson, Tecticornia Hook.f. and Tegicornia Paul G. Wilson. Kalidium Moq. and Halopeplis Bunge ex Ung.-Sternb. of the tribe Halopeplideae were used as outgroup representatives in the morphological analysis and resolved sister to the tribe Salicornieae. Allenrolfea Kuntze; Halocnemum Bieb. and Heterostachys Meyer formed an early branching group sister to a moderately supported clade comprised of the remaining Salicornieae. Only terminal groups of closely related species received significant bootstrap support in this analysis. In contrast, the current tribal classification of the Salicornioideae was not supported in the molecular analysis as Allenrolfea occidentalis Kuntz (tribe Salicornieae) positioned sister to Kalidium foliatum Moq. (tribe Halopeplideae) and the remaining Salicornieae. Three major clades received strong bootstrap support: Microcnemum+Arthrocnemum, Sarcocornia+Salicornia, and the endemic Australian genera. None of the endemic Australian genera was individually supported as monophyletic in either the morphological or the molecular analyses. Subspecies complexes, polyploids and hybrids may contribute to the lack of resolution and apparently high levels of homoplasy in the morphological analysis. A greater understanding of population level processes is required to begin to resolve the phylogeny of this complex group.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Bernie Dudley, Joseph Maria Montserrat, Javier Rejos, Ian Clarke (Melbourne Royal Botanic Gardens), Tjeerd Bouma and BP Koutstaal for supplying specimens and loan material and to Alex Chapman for sorting material at USA. Thanks go to Grant Whiteman and Steve Hopper for reviewing earlier drafts of the manuscript and to Sharon Platten at the Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis (UWA) for instruction on the Environmental scanning electron microscope. KS especially thanks Tim Colmer and Terry Macfarlane for supervision while undertaking a PhD at The University of Western Australia and to Paul Wilson for showing the way with the Australian Salicornioideae. This research was supported by an ARC Grant with linkage support from MERIWA, Normandy Mining Limited, Placer (Granny Smith), Acacia Resources, KCGM and the WA Herbarium.
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