Silicon mitigates salinity effects on sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor × Sorghum sudanense) by enhancing growth and photosynthetic efficiency
Farah Bounaouara
A , Rabaa Hidri A , Mohammed Falouti A , Mokded Rabhi A B , Chedly Abdelly A , Walid Zorrig A # * and Inès Slama A #
A
B
Handling Editor: Suleyman Allakhverdiev
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether silicon (Si) supply was able to alleviate the harmful effects caused by salinity stress on sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor × Sorghum sudanense), a species of grass raised for forage and grain. Plants were grown in the presence or absence of 150 mM NaCl, supplemented or not with Si (0.5 mM Si). Biomass production, water and mineral status, photosynthetic pigment contents, and gas exchange parameters were investigated. Special focus was accorded to evaluating the PSI and PSII. Salinity stress significantly reduced plant growth and tissue hydration, and led to a significant decrease in all other studied parameters. Si supply enhanced whole plant biomass production by 50%, improved water status, decreased Na+ and Cl− accumulation, and even restored chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid contents. Interestingly, both photosystem activities (PSI and PSII) were enhanced with Si addition. However, a more pronounced enhancement was noted in PSI compared with PSII, with a greater oxidation state upon Si supply. Our findings confirm that Si mitigated the adverse effects of salinity on sorghum-sudangrass throughout adverse approaches. Application of Si in sorghum appears to be an efficient key solution for managing salt-damaging effects on plants.
Keywords: biomass production, osmotic adjustment, photosynthetic behaviour, photosystem I, photosystem II, salinity stress, silicon supply, sorghum-sudangrass.
References
Abdel-Latif A, El-Demerdash FM (2017) The ameliorative effects of silicon on salt-stressed sorghum seedlings and its influence on the activities of sucrose synthase and PEP carboxylase. Journal of Plant Physiology & Pathology 5, 2.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Abdelaal KAA, Mazrou YSA, Hafez YM (2020) Silicon foliar application mitigates salt stress in sweet pepper plants by enhancing water status, photosynthesis, antioxidant enzyme activity and fruit yield. Plants 9, 733.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Ahmad R, Zaheer SH, Ismail S (1992) Role of silicon in salt tolerance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plant Science 85, 43-50.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Akhter MS, Noreen S, Mahmood S, Aqeel M, Zafar ZU, Rashid M, Arshad MN, Owais M, Ahmad J, Shah KH (2023) Silicon supplement improves growth and yield under salt stress by modulating ionic homeostasis and some physiological indices in Hordeum vulgare L. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 23, 1694-1712.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Al-aghabary K, Zhu Z, Shi Q (2005) Influence of silicon supply on chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence, and antioxidative enzyme activities in tomato plants under salt stress. Journal of Plant Nutrition 27, 2101-2115.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Al-Huqail AA, Alqarawi AA, Hashem A, Ahmad Malik J, Abd_Allah EF (2019) Silicon supplementation modulates antioxidant system and osmolyte accumulation to balance salt stress in Acacia gerrardii Benth. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 26, 1856-1864.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Alam P, Arshad M, Al-Kheraif AA, Azzam MA, Al Balawi T (2022) Silicon nanoparticle-Induced regulation of carbohydrate metabolism, photosynthesis, and ROS homeostasis in Solanum lycopersicum subjected to salinity stress. ACS Omega 7, 31834-31844.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Alvarez ME, Savouré A, Szabados L (2022) Proline metabolism as regulatory hub. Trends in Plant Science 27, 39-55.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Amoah J, Antwi-Berko D (2020) Impact of salinity stress on membrane status, phytohormones, antioxidant defense system and transcript expression pattern of two contrasting sorghum genotypes. Egyptian Journal of Agronomy 42, 123-136.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Arif Y, Singh P, Siddiqui H, Bajguz A, Hayat S (2020) Salinity induced physiological and biochemical changes in plants: an omic approach towards salt stress tolerance. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 156, 64-77.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Ashraf M, Rahmatullah , Afzal M, Ahmed R, Mujeeb F, Sarwar A, Ali L (2010) Alleviation of detrimental effects of NaCl by silicon nutrition in salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant genotypes of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.). Plant and Soil 326, 381-391.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Baker NR (2008) Chlorophyll fluorescence: a probe of photosynthesis in vivo. Annual Review of Plant Biology 59, 89-113.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Bates LS, Waldren RP, Teare ID (1973) Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil 39, 205-207.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Bavei V, Shiran B, Arzani A (2011) Evaluation of salinity tolerance in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) using ion accumulation, proline and peroxidase criteria. Plant Growth Regulation 64, 275-285.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Benslima W, Ellouzi H, Zorrig W, Abdelly C, Hafsi C (2022) Beneficial effects of silicon on growth, nutrient dynamics, and antioxidative response in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) plants under potassium deficiency. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 22, 2633-2646.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Beyaz R, Kır H (2020) Physio-biochemical analyses in seedlings of sorghum-sudangrass hybrids that are grown under salt stress under in vitro conditions. Turkish Journal of Biochemistry 45, 177-184.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Bosnic P, Bosnic D, Jasnic J, Nikolic M (2018) Silicon mediates sodium transport and partitioning in maize under moderate salt stress. Environmental and Experimental Botany 155, 681-687.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Calero Hurtado A, Chiconato DA, Prado RdM, Sousa Junior GdS, Gratão PL, Felisberto G, Olivera Viciedo D, Mathias dos Santos DM (2020) Different methods of silicon application attenuate salt stress in sorghum and sunflower by modifying the antioxidative defense mechanism. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 203, 110964.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Chaugool J, Naito H, Kasuga S, Ehara H (2013) Comparison of young seedling growth and sodium distribution among sorghum plants under salt stress. Plant Production Science 16, 261-270.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Chaumont F, Tyerman SD (2014) Aquaporins: highly regulated channels controlling plant water relations. Plant Physiology 164, 1600-1618.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Chaves MM, Flexas J, Pinheiro C (2009) Photosynthesis under drought and salt stress: regulation mechanisms from whole plant to cell. Annals of Botany 103, 551-560.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Corwin DL (2021) Climate change impacts on soil salinity in agricultural areas. European Journal of Soil Science 72, 842-862.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Coskun D, Deshmukh R, Sonah H, Menzies JG, Reynolds O, Ma JF, Kronzucker HJ, Bélanger RR (2019) The controversies of silicon’s role in plant biology. New Phytologist 221, 67-85.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Cucci G, Lacolla G, Boari F, Mastro MA, Cantore V (2019) Effect of water salinity and irrigation regime on maize (Zea mays L.) cultivated on clay loam soil and irrigated by furrow in Southern Italy. Agricultural Water Management 222, 118-124.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
de Lacerda CF, Cambraia J, Oliva MA, Ruiz HA, Prisco JT (2003) Solute accumulation and distribution during shoot and leaf development in two sorghum genotypes under salt stress. Environmental and Experimental Botany 49, 107-120.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
de Lacerda CF, Cambraia J, Oliva MA, Ruiz HA (2005) Changes in growth and in solute concentrations in sorghum leaves and roots during salt stress recovery. Environmental and Experimental Botany 54, 69-76.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
de Oliveira DF, Lopes LdS, Gomes-Filho E (2020) Metabolic changes associated with differential salt tolerance in sorghum genotypes. Planta 252, 34.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Dhiman P, Rajora N, Bhardwaj S, Sudhakaran SS, Kumar A, Raturi G, Chakraborty K, Gupta OP, Devanna BN, Tripathi DK, Deshmukh R (2021) Fascinating role of silicon to combat salinity stress in plants: an updated overview. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 162, 110-123.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Dubouzet JG, Sakuma Y, Ito Y, Kasuga M, Dubouzet EG, Miura S, Seki M, Shinozaki K, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K (2003) OsDREB genes in rice, Oryza sativa L., encode transcription activators that function in drought-, high-salt- and cold-responsive gene expression. The Plant Journal 33, 751-763.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
El Moukhtari A, Cabassa-Hourton C, Farissi M, Savouré A (2020) How does proline treatment promote salt stress tolerance during crop plant development? Frontiers in Plant Science 11, 1127.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
El Moukhtari A, Carol P, Mouradi M, Savoure A, Farissi M (2021) Silicon improves physiological, biochemical, and morphological adaptations of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) during salinity stress. Symbiosis 85, 305-324.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
El-Maaty SA, Moghaieb REA, Awaly SBH (2020) Changes in some morphological, physiological, biochemical parameters and gene expression in sorghum under salt stress conditions. Plant Archives 20, 9339-9347.
| Google Scholar |
Falouti M, Ellouzi H, Bounaouara F, Farhat N, Aggag AM, Debez A, Rabhi M, Abdelly C, Slama I, Zorrig W (2022) Higher activity of PSI compared to PSII accounts for the beneficial effect of silicon on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) plants challenged with salinity. Photosynthetica 60, 508-520.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Farouk S, Elhindi KM, Alotaibi MA (2020) Silicon supplementation mitigates salinity stress on Ocimum basilicum L. via improving water balance, ion homeostasis, and antioxidant defense system. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 206, 111396.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Farshidi M, Abdolzadeh A, Sadeghipour HR (2012) Silicon nutrition alleviates physiological disorders imposed by salinity in hydroponically grown canola (Brassica napus L.) plants. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 34, 1779-1788.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Flam-Shepherd R, Huynh WQ, Coskun D, Hamam AM, Britto DT, Kronzucker HJ (2018) Membrane fluxes, bypass flows, and sodium stress in rice: the influence of silicon. Journal of Experimental Botany 69, 1679-1692.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Flexas J, Medrano H (2002) Drought-inhibition of photosynthesis in C3 plants: stomatal and non-stomatal limitations revisited. Annals of Botany 89, 183-189.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Frew A, Weston LA, Reynolds OL, Gurr GM (2018) The role of silicon in plant biology: a paradigm shift in research approach. Annals of Botany 121, 1265-1273.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Garg N, Bhandari P (2016) Silicon nutrition and mycorrhizal inoculations improve growth, nutrient status, K+/Na+ ratio and yield of Cicer arietinum L. genotypes under salinity stress. Plant Growth Regulation 78, 371-387.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Gong HJ, Randall DP, Flowers TJ (2006) Silicon deposition in the root reduces sodium uptake in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings by reducing bypass flow. Plant, Cell & Environment 29, 1970-1979.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Gunes A, Inal A, Bagci EG, Coban S (2007) Silicon-mediated changes on some physiological and enzymatic parameters symptomatic of oxidative stress in barley grown in sodic-B toxic soil. Journal of Plant Physiology 164, 807-811.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Hameed A, Ahmed MZ, Hussain T, Aziz I, Ahmad N, Gul B, Nielsen BL (2021) Effects of salinity stress on chloroplast structure and function. Cells 10, 2023.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Hattori T, Inanaga S, Tanimoto E, Lux A, Luxová M, Sugimoto Y (2003) Silicon-induced changes in viscoelastic properties of sorghum root cell walls. Plant and Cell Physiology 44, 743-749.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Huihui Z, Yuze H, Kaiwen G, Zisong X, Liu S, Wang Q, Wang X, Nan X, Wu Y, Guangyu S (2021) Na+ accumulation alleviates drought stress induced photosynthesis inhibition of PSII and PSI in leaves of Medicago sativa. Journal of Plant Interactions 16, 1-11.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Hussain M, Ahmad S, Hussain S, Lal R, Ul-Allah S, Nawaz A (2018) Rice in saline soils: physiology, biochemistry, genetics, and management. Advances in Agronomy 148, 231-287.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Idoudi M, Slatni T, Laifa I, Rhimi N, Rabhi M, Hernández-Apaolaza L, Zorrig W, Abdelly C (2024) Silicon (Si) mitigates the negative effects of iron deficiency in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by improving photosystem activities and nutritional status. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 206, 108236.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Jamil M, Rehman S, Lee KJ, Kim JM, Kim H-S, Rha ES (2007) Salinity reduced growth PS2 photochemistry and chlorophyll content in radish. Scientia Agricola 64, 111-118.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Jan M, Anwar-ul-Haq M, Shah AN, Yousaf M, Iqbal J, Li X, Wang D, Fahad S (2019) Modulation in growth, gas exchange, and antioxidant activities of salt-stressed rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes by zinc fertilization. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 12, 775.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Khalvandi M, Siosemardeh A, Roohi E, Keramati S (2021) Salicylic acid alleviated the effect of drought stress on photosynthetic characteristics and leaf protein pattern in winter wheat. Heliyon 7, E05908.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Khan W-u-D, Aziz T, Hussain I, Ramzani PMA, Reichenauer TG (2017) Silicon: a beneficial nutrient for maize crop to enhance photochemical efficiency of photosystem II under salt stress. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 63, 599-611.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Khan WUD, Aziz T, Maqsood MA, Farooq M, Abdullah Y, Ramzani PMA, Bilal HM (2018) Silicon nutrition mitigates salinity stress in maize by modulating ion accumulation, photosynthesis, and antioxidants. Photosynthetica 56, 1047-1057.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Khan A, Khan AL, Muneer S, Kim Y-H, Al-Rawahi A, Al-Harrasi A (2019) Silicon and salinity: crosstalk in crop-mediated stress tolerance mechanisms. Frontiers in Plant Science 10, 1429.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Khayatnezhad M, Gholamin R, Jamaati-e-Somarin SH, Zabihi-e-Mahmoodabad R (2010) Study of NaCl salinity effect on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars at germination stage. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences 9, 128-132.
| Google Scholar |
Khodarahmpour Z, Ifar M, Motamedi M (2012) Effects of NaCl salinity on maize (Zea mays L.) at germination and early seedling stage. African Journal of Biotechnology 11, 298-304.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Klughammer C, Schreiber U (2008a) Complementary PSII quantum yields calculated from simple fluorescence parameters measured by PAM fluorometry and the saturation pulse method. PAM Application Notes 1, 27-35.
| Google Scholar |
Klughammer C, Schreiber U (2008b) Saturation pulse method for assessment of energy conversion in PSI. PAM Application Notes 1, 11-14.
| Google Scholar |
Kreslavski VD, Shmarev AN, Ivanov AA, Zharmukhamedov SK, Strokina V, Kosobryukhov A, Yu M, Allakhverdiev SI, Shabala S (2023) Effects of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4) and salinity on growth, photosynthesis, antioxidant activity and distribution of mineral elements in wheat (Triticum aestivum). Functional Plant Biology 50, 932-940.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Ksiaa M, Farhat N, Rabhi M, Elkhouni A, Smaoui A, Debez A, Cabassa-Hourton C, Savouré A, Abdelly C, Zorrig W (2022) Silicon (Si) alleviates iron deficiency effects in sea barley (Hordeum marinum) by enhancing iron accumulation and photosystem activities. Silicon 14, 6697-6712.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Lacerda CFD, Cambraia J, Cano MAO, Ruiz HA (2001) Plant growth and solute accumulation and distribution in two sorghum genotypes, under NaCl stress. Revista Brasileira de Fisiologia Vegetal 13, 270-284.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Laifa I, Hajji M, Farhat N, Elkhouni A, Smaoui A, M’nif A, Hamzaoui AH, Savouré A, Abdelly C, Zorrig W (2021) Beneficial effects of Silicon (Si) on sea barley (Hordeum marinum Huds.) under salt stress. Silicon 13, 4501-4517.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Laifa I, Ellouzi H, Idoudi M, Farhat N, Rabhi M, Mahmoudi H, Smaoui A, Debez A, Cabassa-Hourton C, Savouré A, Abdelly C, Zorrig W (2023) Silicon (Si) treatment has preferential beneficial effects on Photosystem I photochemistry in salt-treated Hordeum marinum (Huds.) plants. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 23, 3232-3248.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Lamsaadi N, Hidri R, Zorrig W, El Moukhtari A, Debez A, Savouré A, Abdelly C, Farissi M (2023) Exogenous silicon alleviates salinity stress in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) by enhancing photosystem activities, biological nitrogen fixation and antioxidant defence system. South African Journal of Botany 159, 344-355.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Lee SK, Sohn EY, Hamayun M, Yoon JY, Lee IJ (2010) Effect of silicon on growth and salinity stress of soybean plant grown under hydroponic system. Agroforestry Systems 80, 333-340.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Lemos Neto HdS, de Almeida Guimarães M, Mesquita RO, Sousa Freitas WE, de Oliveira AB, da Silva Dias N, Gomes-Filho E (2021) Silicon supplementation induces physiological and biochemical changes that assist lettuce salinity tolerance. Silicon 13, 4075-4089.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Lichtenthaler HK (1987) Chlorophylls and carotenoids: pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. Methods in Enzymology 148, 350-382.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Lima-Melo Y, Kılıç M, Aro E-M, Gollan PJ (2021) Photosystem I inhibition, protection and signalling: knowns and unknowns. Frontiers in Plant Science 12, 791124.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Liu P, Yin L, Wang S, Zhang M, Deng X, Zhang S, Tanaka K (2015) Enhanced root hydraulic conductance by aquaporin regulation accounts for silicon alleviated salt-induced osmotic stress in Sorghum bicolor L. Environmental and Experimental Botany 111, 42-51.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Liu B, Soundararajan P, Manivannan A (2019) Mechanisms of silicon-mediated amelioration of salt stress in plants. Plants 8, 307.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Luyckx M, Hausman J-F, Lutts S, Guerriero G (2017) Silicon and plants: current knowledge and technological perspectives. Frontiers in Plant Science 8, 411.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Mahmoud LM, Dutt M, Shalan AM, El-Kady ME, El-Boray MS, Shabana YM, Grosser JW (2020) Silicon nanoparticles mitigate oxidative stress of in vitro-derived banana (Musa acuminata ‘Grand Nain’) under simulated water deficit or salinity stress. South African Journal of Botany 132, 155-163.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Mansour MMF, Emam MM, Salama KHA, Morsy AA (2021) Sorghum under saline conditions: responses, tolerance mechanisms, and management strategies. Planta 254, 24.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Mateos-Naranjo E, Andrades-Moreno L, Davy AJ (2013) Silicon alleviates deleterious effects of high salinity on the halophytic grass Spartina densiflora. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 63, 115-121.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Maurel C, Verdoucq L, Luu D-T, Santoni V (2008) Plant aquaporins: membrane channels with multiple integrated functions. Annual Review of Plant Biology 59, 595-624.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Mbinda W, Kimtai M (2019) Evaluation of morphological and biochemical characteristics of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench] varieties in response salinity stress. Annual Research & Review in Biology 33, 1-9.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Mulaudzi T, Hendricks K, Mabiya T, Muthevhuli M, Ajayi RF, Mayedwa N, Gehring C, Iwuoha E (2020) Calcium improves germination and growth of Sorghum bicolor seedlings under salt stress. Plants 9, 730.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Muneer S, Park YG, Manivannan A, Soundararajan P, Jeong BR (2014) Physiological and proteomic analysis in chloroplasts of Solanum lycopersicum L. under silicon efficiency and salinity stress. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 15, 21803-21824.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Nabati J, Kafi M, Masoumi A, Mehrjerdi MZ (2013) Effect of salinity and silicon application on photosynthetic characteristics of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.). International Journal of Agricultural Sciences 3, 483-492.
| Google Scholar |
Netondo GW, Onyango JC, Beck E (2004) Sorghum and salinity: II. Gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence of sorghum under salt stress. Crop Science 44, 806-811.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Niu G, Xu W, Rodriguez D, Sun Y (2012) Growth and physiological responses of maize and sorghum genotypes to salt stress. International Scholarly Research Notices 2012, 145072.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Osakabe Y, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Shinozaki K, Tran L-SP (2014) ABA control of plant macroelement membrane transport systems in response to water deficit and high salinity. New Phytologist 202, 35-49.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Ouerghi Z, Cornic G, Roudani M, Ayadi A, Brulfert J (2000) Effect of NaCl on photosynthesis of two wheat species (Triticum durum and T. aestivum) differing in their sensitivity to salt stress. Journal of Plant Physiology 156, 335-340.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Percey WJ, McMinn A, Bose J, Breadmore MC, Guijt RM, Shabala S (2016) Salinity effects on chloroplast PSII performance in glycophytes and halophytes1. Functional Plant Biology 43, 1003-1015.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Perreault F, Ali NA, Saison C, Popovic R, Juneau P (2009) Dichromate effect on energy dissipation of photosystem II and photosystem I in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 96, 24-29.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Peña-Calzada K, Olivera-Viciedo D, Calero-Hurtado A, de Mello Prado R, Habermann E, Lata Tenesaca LF, Ajila G, de Oliveira R, Rodríguez JC, Lupino Gratão P (2023) Silicon mitigates the negative impacts of salt stress in soybean plants. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 103, 4360-4370.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Punia H, Tokas J, Bhadu S, Mohanty AK, Rawat P, Malik A (2020) Proteome dynamics and transcriptome profiling in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] under salt stress. Biotech 10, 412.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Rajabi Dehnavi A, Zahedi M, Ludwiczak A, Cardenas Perez S, Piernik A (2020) Effect of salinity on seed germination and seedling development of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) genotypes. Agronomy 10, 859.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Rangwala T, Bafna A, Vyas N, Gupta R (2019) Beneficial role of soluble silica in enhancing chlorophyll content in onion leaves. Current Agriculture Research Journal 7, 358-367.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Rastogi A, Kovar M, He X, Zivcak M, Kataria S, Kalaji HM, Skalicky M, Ibrahimova UF, Hussain S, Mbarki S, Brestic M (2020) Special issue in honour of Prof. Reto J. Strasser – JIP-test as a tool to identify salinity tolerance in sweet sorghum genotypes. Photosynthetica 58, 518-528.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Rastogi A, Yadav S, Hussain S, Kataria S, Hajihashemi S, Kumari P, Yang X, Brestic M (2021) Does silicon really matter for the photosynthetic machinery in plants…? Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 169, 40-48.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Reddy PS, Rao TSRB, Sharma KK, Vadez V (2015) Genome-wide identification and characterization of the aquaporin gene family in Sorghum bicolor (L.). Plant Gene 1, 18-28.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Rhimi N, Hajji M, Elkhouni A, Ksiaa M, Rabhi M, Lefi E, Smaoui A, Hessini K, Hamzaoui AH, Cabassa-Hourton C, Savouré A, Debez A, Zorrig W, Abdelly C (2024) Silicon reduces cadmium accumulation and improves growth and stomatal traits in sea barley (Hordeum marinum Huds.) exposed to cadmium stress. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 1-17.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Rizwan M, Ali S, Ibrahim M, Farid M, Adrees M, Bharwana SA, Zia-ur-Rehman M, Qayyum MF, Abbas F (2015) Mechanisms of silicon-mediated alleviation of drought and salt stress in plants: a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 22, 15416-15431.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Romero-Aranda MR, Jurado O, Cuartero J (2006) Silicon alleviates the deleterious salt effect on tomato plant growth by improving plant water status. Journal of Plant Physiology 163, 847-855.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Roy RC, Sagar A, Tajkia JE, Razzak MA, Hossain AZ (2018) Effect of salt stress on growth of sorghum germplasms at vegetative stage. Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 16, 67-72.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Ruban AV, Horton P (1995) Regulation of non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence in plants. Functional Plant Biology 22, 221-230.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Sarkar MN, Hossain AKMZ, Begum S, Islam SN, Biswas SK, Tareq MZ (2019) Effect of salinity on seed germination and seedlings growth of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.). Journal of Bioscience and Agriculture Research 21, 1786-1793.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Sato H, Mizoi J, Shinozaki K, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K (2024) Complex plant responses to drought and heat stress under climate change. The Plant Journal 117, 1873-1892.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Schreiber U, Klughammer C (2016) Analysis of photosystem I donor and acceptor sides with a new type of online-deconvoluting kinetic LED-array spectrophotometer. Plant and Cell Physiology 57, 1454-1467.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Shimakawa G, Miyake C (2018) Oxidation of P700 ensures robust photosynthesis. Frontiers in Plant Science 9, 1617.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Silva MLdS, Sousa HGd, Silva MLdS, Lacerda CFd, Gomes-Filho E (2019) Growth and photosynthetic parameters of saccharine sorghum plants subjected to salinity. Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy 41, e42607.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Singh P, Kumar V, Sharma J, Saini S, Sharma P, Kumar S, Sinhmar Y, Kumar D, Sharma A (2022) Silicon supplementation alleviates the salinity stress in wheat plants by enhancing the plant water status, photosynthetic pigments, proline content and antioxidant enzyme activities. Plants 11, 2525.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Sivakumar P, Sharmila P, Pardha Saradhi P (2000) Proline alleviates salt-stress-induced enhancement in ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate oxygenase activity. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 279, 512-515.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Soundararajan P, Manivannan A, Ko CH, Muneer S, Jeong BR (2017) Leaf physiological and proteomic analysis to elucidate silicon induced adaptive response under salt stress in Rosa hybrida ‘Rock Fire’. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 18, 1768.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Soylemezoglu G, Demir K, Inal A, Gunes A (2009) Effect of silicon on antioxidant and stomatal response of two grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) rootstocks grown in boron toxic, saline and boron toxic-saline soil. Scientia Horticulturae 123, 240-246.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Srinieng K, Saisavoey T, Karnchanatat A (2015) Effect of salinity stress on antioxidative enzyme activities in tomato cultured in vitro. Pakistan Journal of Botany 47, 1-10.
| Google Scholar |
Sutka M, Li G, Boudet J, Boursiac Y, Doumas P, Maurel C (2011) Natural variation of root hydraulics in Arabidopsis grown in normal and salt-stressed conditions. Plant Physiology 155, 1264-1276.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Thitisaksakul M, Tananuwong K, Shoemaker CF, Chun A, Tanadul O-u-M, Labavitch JM, Beckles DM (2015) Effects of timing and severity of salinity stress on rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield, grain composition, and starch functionality. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 63, 2296-2304.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Tomaz A, Palma P, Alvarenga P, Gonçalves MC (2020) Soil salinity risk in a climate change scenario and its effect on crop yield. In ‘Climate change and soil interactions’. (Eds MNV Prasad, M Pietrzykowski) pp. 351–396. (Elsevier) 10.1016/B978-0-12-818032-7.00013-8
Tuna AL, Kaya C, Higgs D, Murillo-Amador B, Aydemir S, Girgin AR (2008) Silicon improves salinity tolerance in wheat plants. Environmental and Experimental Botany 62, 10-16.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Vandegeer RK, Zhao C, Cibils-Stewart X, Wuhrer R, Hall CR, Hartley SE, Tissue DT, Johnson SN (2021) Silicon deposition on guard cells increases stomatal sensitivity as mediated by K+ efflux and consequently reduces stomatal conductance. Physiologia Plantarum 171, 358-370.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Wani AS, Ahmad A, Hayat S, Tahir I (2019) Epibrassinolide and proline alleviate the photosynthetic and yield inhibition under salt stress by acting on antioxidant system in mustard. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 135, 385-394.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Xu X, Xu H, Wang Y, Wang X, Qiu Y, Xu B (2008) The effect of salt stress on the chlorophyll level of the main sand-binding plants in the shelterbelt along the Tarim Desert Highway. Chinese Science Bulletin 53, 109-111.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Yan K, Chen P, Shao H, Zhao S, Zhang L, Zhang L, Xu G, Sun J (2012) Responses of photosynthesis and photosystem II to higher temperature and salt stress in Sorghum. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 198, 218-225.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Yan G, Fan X, Peng M, Yin C, Xiao Z, Liang Y (2020) Silicon improves rice salinity resistance by alleviating ionic toxicity and osmotic constraint in an organ-specific pattern. Frontiers in Plant Science 11, 260.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Yasar F, Ellialtioglu S, Yildiz K (2008) Effect of salt stress on antioxidant defense systems, lipid peroxidation, and chlorophyll content in green bean. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology 55, 782-786.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Yin L, Wang S, Li J, Tanaka K, Oka M (2013) Application of silicon improves salt tolerance through ameliorating osmotic and ionic stresses in the seedling of Sorghum bicolor. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 35, 3099-3107.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Yin L, Wang S, Tanaka K, Fujihara S, Itai A, Den X, Zhang S (2016) Silicon-mediated changes in polyamines participate in silicon-induced salt tolerance in Sorghum bicolor L. Plant, Cell & Environment 39, 245-258.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Yin J, Jia J, Lian Z, Hu Y, Guo J, Huo H, Zhu Y, Gong H (2019) Silicon enhances the salt tolerance of cucumber through increasing polyamine accumulation and decreasing oxidative damage. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 169, 8-17.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Zahra N, Al Hinai MS, Hafeez MB, Rehman A, Wahid A, Siddique KHM, Farooq M (2022) Regulation of photosynthesis under salt stress and associated tolerance mechanisms. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 178, 55-69.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Zargar SM, Mahajan R, Bhat JA, Nazir M, Deshmukh R (2019) Role of silicon in plant stress tolerance: opportunities to achieve a sustainable cropping system. 3 Biotech 9, 1-16.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Zeeshan M, Lu M, Sehar S, Holford P, Wu F (2020) Comparison of biochemical, anatomical, morphological, and physiological responses to salinity stress in wheat and barley genotypes deferring in salinity tolerance. Agronomy 10, 127.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Zhang H-H, Xu N, Wu X, Wang J, Ma S, Li X, Sun G (2018) Effects of four types of sodium salt stress on plant growth and photosynthetic apparatus in sorghum leaves. Journal of Plant Interactions 13, 506-513.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Zhang F, Sapkota S, Neupane A, Yu J, Wang Y, Zhu K, Lu F, Huang R, Zou J (2020) Effect of salt stress on growth and physiological parameters of sorghum genotypes at an early growth stage. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 58, 404-411.
| Google Scholar |
Zhao Y, Lu Z, He L (2014) Effects of saline-alkaline stress on seed germination and seedling growth of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 173, 1680-1691.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Zhou R, Kan X, Chen J, Hua H, Li Y, Ren J, Feng K, Liu H, Deng D, Yin Z (2019) Drought-induced changes in photosynthetic electron transport in maize probed by prompt fluorescence, delayed fluorescence, P700 and cyclic electron flow signals. Environmental and Experimental Botany 158, 51-62.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Zhu Y, Gong H (2014) Beneficial effects of silicon on salt and drought tolerance in plants. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 34, 455-472.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Zhu Y-X, Xu X-B, Hu Y-H, Han W-H, Yin J-L, Li H-L, Gong H-J (2015) Silicon improves salt tolerance by increasing root water uptake in Cucumis sativus L. Plant Cell Reports 34, 1629-1646.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Zhu Y, Guo J, Feng R, Jia J, Han W, Gong H (2016) The regulatory role of silicon on carbohydrate metabolism in Cucumis sativus L. under salt stress. Plant and Soil 406, 231-249.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Zhu Y, Jiang X, Zhang J, He Y, Zhu X, Zhou X, Gong H, Yin J, Liu Y (2020) Silicon confers cucumber resistance to salinity stress through regulation of proline and cytokinins. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 156, 209-220.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Zhu D, Luo F, Zou R, Liu J, Yan Y (2021) Integrated physiological and chloroplast proteome analysis of wheat seedling leaves under salt and osmotic stresses. Journal of Proteomics 234, 104097.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Zorrig W, Rouached A, Shahzad Z, Abdelly C, Davidian J-C, Berthomieu P (2010) Identification of three relationships linking cadmium accumulation to cadmium tolerance and zinc and citrate accumulation in lettuce. Journal of Plant Physiology 167, 1239-1247.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Zorrig W, Cornu J-Y, Maisonneuve B, Rouached A, Sarrobert C, Shahzad Z, Abdelly C, Davidian J-C, Berthomieu P (2019) Genetic analysis of cadmium accumulation in lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 136, 67-75.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
