The genetic control of herkogamy

Jacques-Joseph Boucher; Hilary S. Ireland; Ruiling Wang; Karine M. David; Robert J. Schaffer

doi:10.1071/FP23315

REVIEW (Open Access)

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The genetic control of herkogamy

Jacques-Joseph Boucher ^A ^B , Hilary S. Ireland ^C , Ruiling Wang ^C , Karine M. David ^B and Robert J. Schaffer

^A ^B ^*

+ Author Affiliations

- Author Affiliations

^A The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, 55 Old Mill Road, Motueka 7198, New Zealand.

^B School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.

^C The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Private Bag 92196, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.

^* Correspondence to: Robert.Schaffer@plantandfood.co.nz

Handling Editor: Rana Munns

Functional Plant Biology 51, FP23315 https://doi.org/10.1071/FP23315

Submitted: 22 December 2023 Accepted: 14 April 2024 Published: 30 April 2024

© 2024 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)

Abstract

Herkogamy is the spatial separation of anthers and stigmas within complete flowers, and is a key floral trait that promotes outcrossing in many angiosperms. The degree of separation between pollen-producing anthers and receptive stigmas has been shown to influence rates of self-pollination amongst plants, with a reduction in herkogamy increasing rates of successful selfing in self-compatible species. Self-pollination is becoming a critical issue in horticultural crops grown in environments where biotic pollinators are limited, absent, or difficult to utilise. In these cases, poor pollination results in reduced yield and misshapen fruit. Whilst there is a growing body of work elucidating the genetic basis of floral organ development, the genetic and environmental control points regulating herkogamy are poorly understood. A better understanding of the developmental and regulatory pathways involved in establishing varying degrees of herkogamy is needed to provide insights into the production of flowers more adept at selfing to produce consistent, high-quality fruit. This review presents our current understanding of herkogamy from a genetics and hormonal perspective.

Keywords: floral development, herkogamy, mating systems, phytohormones, pollination, stamen development, style development.

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