A survey of swainsonine content in Swainsona species
Daniel Cook A C , Dale R. Gardner A , Kevin D. Welch A and Jeremy G. Allen B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A USDA/ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, UT 84341, USA.
B DAFWA Diagnostic Laboratory Services, Department of Agriculture and Food, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, WA 6151, Australia.
C Corresponding author. Email: daniel.cook@ars.usda.gov
The Rangeland Journal 39(2) 213-218 https://doi.org/10.1071/RJ16088
Submitted: 27 August 2016 Accepted: 18 January 2017 Published: 25 February 2017
Abstract
The indolizidine alkaloid swainsonine is an inhibitor of α-mannosidase and mannosidase II that causes lysosomal storage disease and alters glycoprotein processing. Several plant species worldwide contain swainsonine, grazing these plants may cause severe toxicosis in livestock, leading to a chronic disease characterised by altered behaviour, depression, weight loss, decreased libido, infertility and death. Swainsona is a large genus of the Fabaceae family with all species but one being endemic to Australia. Swainsonine has previously been reported to be, or expected to be, present in 26 Swainsona species in Australia. Methods of detection in these 26 species were a jack bean α-mannosidase inhibition assay, gas chromatography, or gas or liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Seven of these 26 Swainsona species are reported to be toxic, and for three of these no chemical assay for swainsonine has been undertaken. Only 1 of the 26 species has been analysed for swainsonine using modern instrumentation such as gas or liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Using both liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, 248 specimens representing 41 Swainsona species were screened in the present study for swainsonine. Swainsonine was detected in 9 of the 41 Swainsona species, eight of which had not been determined to contain swainsonine previously using modern instrumentation. The list of swainsonine-containing taxa reported here will serve as a reference for diagnostic purposes and risk assessment.
Additional keywords: herbarium specimens, poison pea.
References
Baucom, D., Romero, M., Belfon, R., and Creamer, R. (2012). Two new species of Undifilum, the swainsonine producing fungal endophyte, from Astragalus species of locoweed in the United States. Botany 90, 866–875.| Two new species of Undifilum, the swainsonine producing fungal endophyte, from Astragalus species of locoweed in the United States.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xht1Glu7fO&md5=a92956552bc87d78445c48809d0790c1CAS |
Braun, K., Romero, J., Liddell, C., and Creamer, R. (2003). Production of swainsonine by fungal endophytes of locoweed. Mycological Research 107, 980–988.
| Production of swainsonine by fungal endophytes of locoweed.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXms12ntb0%3D&md5=27d8fe883cf50c5d4623dcb236efa195CAS |
Colegate, S. M., Dorling, P. R., and Huxtable, C. R. (1979). A spectroscopic investigation of swainsonine: An alpha-mannosidase inhibitor isolated from Swainsona canescens. Australian Journal of Chemistry 32, 2257–2264.
| A spectroscopic investigation of swainsonine: An alpha-mannosidase inhibitor isolated from Swainsona canescens.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL3cXnt1Ohsw%3D%3D&md5=6e718946657d6063ee81d697436335ceCAS |
Cook, D., Ralphs, M. H., Welch, K. D., and Stegelmeier, B. L. (2009a). Locoweed poisoning in livestock. Rangelands 31, 16–21.
| Locoweed poisoning in livestock.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cook, D., Gardner, D. R., Ralphs, M. H., Pfister, J. A., Welch, K. D., and Green, B. T. (2009b). Swainsonine concentrations and endophyte amounts of Undifilum oxytropis in different plant parts of Oxytropis sericea. Journal of Chemical Ecology 35, 1272–1278.
| Swainsonine concentrations and endophyte amounts of Undifilum oxytropis in different plant parts of Oxytropis sericea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsVCqsbvO&md5=e6f0ea29964ab2d4e04be34e6c31bfa7CAS |
Cook, D., Gardner, D. R., Grum, D., Pfister, J. A., Ralphs, M. H., Welch, K. D., and Green, B. T. (2011). Swainsonine and endophyte relationships in Astragalus mollissimus and Astragalus lentiginosus. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 59, 1281–1287.
| Swainsonine and endophyte relationships in Astragalus mollissimus and Astragalus lentiginosus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXivFelsg%3D%3D&md5=e4833b72d074ac21214e52cc9e04fad2CAS |
Cook, D., Beaulieu, W. T., Mott, I. W., Riet-Correa, F., Gardner, D. R., Grum, D., Pfister, J. A., Clay, K., and Marcolongo-Pereira, C. (2013a). Production of the alkaloid swainsonine by a fungal endosymbiont of the Ascomycete order Chaetothyriales in the host Ipomoea carnea. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 61, 3797–3803.
| Production of the alkaloid swainsonine by a fungal endosymbiont of the Ascomycete order Chaetothyriales in the host Ipomoea carnea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXltVCksLs%3D&md5=d8508046e32681f36b589d71aa78f3faCAS |
Cook, D., Grum, D., Gardner, D. R., Welch, K. D., and Pfister, J. A. (2013b). Influence of endophyte genotype on swainsonine concentrations in Oxytropis sericea. Toxicon 61, 105–111.
| Influence of endophyte genotype on swainsonine concentrations in Oxytropis sericea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhvVyqs7jF&md5=0a417e9377b0c45d9bcc0c87f442a359CAS |
Cook, D., Gardner, D. R., and Pfister, J. A. (2014a). Swainsonine-containing plants and their relationship to endophytic fungi. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 62, 7326–7334.
| Swainsonine-containing plants and their relationship to endophytic fungi.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXms1Chsb0%3D&md5=fd83702d358b5b18791269fa455dd91bCAS |
Cook, D., Lee, S. T., Taylor, C. M., Bassüner, B., Riet-Correa, F., Pfister, J. A., and Gardner, D. R. (2014b). Detection of toxic monofluoroacetate in Palicourea species. Toxicon 80, 9–16.
| Detection of toxic monofluoroacetate in Palicourea species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXisFOru7o%3D&md5=635b6a682073ee95d256bd393119a561CAS |
Cook, D., Gardner, D. R., Lee, S. T., Pfister, J. A., Stonecipher, C. A., and Welsh, S. L. (2016). A swainsonine survey of North American Astragalus and Oxytropis taxa implicated as locoweeds. Toxicon 118, 104–111.
| A swainsonine survey of North American Astragalus and Oxytropis taxa implicated as locoweeds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XntlSlsLs%3D&md5=5ca1ddb1cedd587e3158b94658de3005CAS |
Dorling, P. R., Huxtable, C. R., and Colegate, S. M. (1980). Inhibition of lysosomal α-mannosidase by swainsonine, an indolizidine alkaloid isolated from Swainsona canescens. The Biochemical Journal 191, 649–651.
| Inhibition of lysosomal α-mannosidase by swainsonine, an indolizidine alkaloid isolated from Swainsona canescens.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL3MXpvVKhsg%3D%3D&md5=350f1ccf0548a5717ce07046ab7a4d40CAS |
Dorling, P. R., Colegate, S. M., and Huxtable, C. R. (1989). Toxic species of the plant genus Swainsona. In: ‘Swainsonine and Related Glycosidase Inhibitors’. (Eds L. F. James, A. D. Elbein, R. J. Molyneux and C. D. Warren.) pp. 14–22. (Iowa State University Press: Ames, IA.)
Everist, S. L. (1974). ‘Poisonous Plants of Australia.’ (Angus and Robertson: Sydney, NSW.)
Gardner, D. R., and Cook, D. (2011). A comparison of alternative sample preparation procedures for the analysis of swainsonine using LC-MS/MS. Phytochemical Analysis 22, 124–127.
| A comparison of alternative sample preparation procedures for the analysis of swainsonine using LC-MS/MS.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXitVyqsr0%3D&md5=5cf71bc2390d70bebfda6b16d16ed6f4CAS |
Gardner, D. R., Molyneux, R. J., and Ralphs, M. H. (2001). Analysis of swainsonine: extraction methods, detection, and measurement in populations of locoweeds (Oxytropis spp.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49, 4573–4580.
| Analysis of swainsonine: extraction methods, detection, and measurement in populations of locoweeds (Oxytropis spp.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXms1Ogu74%3D&md5=8973618c69e76d29dc1f8a722358e5adCAS |
Grum, D. S., Cook, D., Gardner, D. R., Roper, J. M., Pfister, J. A., and Ralphs, M. H. (2012). Influence of seed endophyte amounts on swainsonine concentrations in Astragalus and Oxytropis locoweeds. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 60, 8083–8089.
| Influence of seed endophyte amounts on swainsonine concentrations in Astragalus and Oxytropis locoweeds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhtFWhtr%2FN&md5=8474614bcc35edcb2d12031524ca55c2CAS |
Grum, D. S., Cook, D., Baucom, D., Mott, I. W., Gardner, D. R., Creamer, R., and Allen, J. G. (2013). Production of the alkaloid swainsonine by a fungal endophyte in the host Swainsona canescens. Journal of Natural Products 76, 1984–1988.
| Production of the alkaloid swainsonine by a fungal endophyte in the host Swainsona canescens.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhsVyrtLfE&md5=a5455e0ef933a566731262caa2f283a6CAS |
Hurst, E. (1942) ‘The Poison Plants of New South Wales.’ (New South Wales Poison Plants Committee: Sydney.)
James, L. F., Van Kampen, K. R., and Hartley, W. J. (1970). Comparative pathology of Astragalus (locoweed) and Swainsona poisoning in sheep. Veterinary Pathology 7, 116–125.
| Comparative pathology of Astragalus (locoweed) and Swainsona poisoning in sheep.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaE38%2FgtVKruw%3D%3D&md5=6d331f3b60d4874f07d0d1dd092c78d7CAS |
Lawrence, D. P., Rotondo, F., and Gannibal, P. B. (2016). Biodiversity and taxonomy of the pleomorphic genus Alternaria. Mycological Progress 15, 3.
| Biodiversity and taxonomy of the pleomorphic genus Alternaria.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Marsh, C. D. (1909). The locoweed disease of the plains. United States Department of Agriculture Bureau of Animal Industry Bulletin, No. 112. Washington, DC.
Martyn, A., Tyler, J., Offord, C., and McConchie, R. (2003). Swainsona sejuncta: a species of ornamental promise or a potential weed? Animal Production Science 43, 1369–1381.
| Swainsona sejuncta: a species of ornamental promise or a potential weed?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McFarlane, I. J., and Watts, R. M. (1994). Quantitative assay for the indolizidine alkaloid swainsonine in the plant genera Swainsona, Astragalus and Oxytropis. In: ‘Plant-associated Toxins: Agricultural, Phytochemical and Ecological Aspects’. (Eds S. M. Colegate and P. R. Dorling.) pp. 113–117. (CAB International: Wallingford, UK.)
McKenzie, R. (2012). ‘Australia’s Poisonous Plants, Fungi and Cyanobacteria.’ (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.)
Molyneux, R. J., and James, L. F. (1982). Loco intoxication: Indolizidine alkaloids of spotted locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus). Science 216, 190–191.
| Loco intoxication: Indolizidine alkaloids of spotted locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL38XhvFCrsbs%3D&md5=c1937d968fc8940dc445ea05b761b1e8CAS |
Molyneux, R. J., James, L. F., Ralphs, M. H., Pfister, J. A., Panter, K. E., and Nash, R. J. (1994). Polyhydroxylated glycosidase inhibitors from poisonous plants of global distribution: analysis and identification. In: ‘Plant-associated Toxins, Agricultural and Phytochemical Aspects’. (Eds S. M. Colegate and P. R. Dorling.) pp. 107–112. (CABI: Wallingford, UK.)
Panter, K. E., James, L. F., Stegelmeier, B. L., Ralphs, M. H., and Pfister, J. A. (1999). Locoweeds: effects on reproduction in livestock. Journal of Natural Toxins 8, 53–62.
| 1:STN:280:DyaK1M7ptFahug%3D%3D&md5=1c7b40997305acfd76240cf45539a4e0CAS |
Patrick, M., Adlard, M. W., and Keshavarz, T. (1993). Production of an indolizidine alkaloid, swainsonine by the filamentous fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae. Biotechnology Letters 15, 997–1000.
| Production of an indolizidine alkaloid, swainsonine by the filamentous fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXivFCjtg%3D%3D&md5=c2fa1aaabd61f96a39732624fa6d34feCAS |
Pryor, B. M., Creamer, R., Shoemaker, R. A., McClain-Romero, J., and Hambleton, S. (2009). Undifilum, a new genus for endophytic Embellisia oxytropis and parasitic Helminthosporium bornmuelleri on legumes. Botany 87, 178–194.
| Undifilum, a new genus for endophytic Embellisia oxytropis and parasitic Helminthosporium bornmuelleri on legumes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXjtlyntbo%3D&md5=541e758637efb0acb187597f16fd897bCAS |
Ralphs, M. H., Creamer, R., Baucom, D., Gardner, D. R., Welsh, S. L., Graham, J. D., Hart, C., Cook, D., and Stegelmeier, B. L. (2008). Relationship between the endophyte Embellisia spp. and the toxic alkaloid swainsonine in major locoweed species (Astragalus and Oxytropis). Journal of Chemical Ecology 34, 32–38.
| Relationship between the endophyte Embellisia spp. and the toxic alkaloid swainsonine in major locoweed species (Astragalus and Oxytropis).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXitVGqtLY%3D&md5=b06f1ce8fd3741cf58e9986d6a51c5cbCAS |
Schneider, M., Ungemach, F., Broquist, H., and Harris, T. (1983). (1S, 2R, 8R, 8aR)-1,2,8 trihydroxyoctahydroindolizidine (swainsonine), an α-mannosidase inhibitor from Rhizoctonia leguminicola. Tetrahedron 39, 29–32.
| (1S, 2R, 8R, 8aR)-1,2,8 trihydroxyoctahydroindolizidine (swainsonine), an α-mannosidase inhibitor from Rhizoctonia leguminicola.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL3sXhvFymsrc%3D&md5=df96a88829d6feb40c87e620229d42fcCAS |
Stegelmeier, B. L., James, L. F., Panter, K. E., Gardner, D. R., Ralphs, M. H., and Molyneux, R. J. (1999). Dose response of sheep poisoned with locoweed (Oxytropis sericea). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 11, 448–456.
| Dose response of sheep poisoned with locoweed (Oxytropis sericea).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3svivVShtA%3D%3D&md5=6bf6f0b42309514c7b91a1aaca83dfe8CAS |
Thompson, J. (1993). A revision of the genus Swainsona (Fabaceae). Telopea 5, 427–581.
| A revision of the genus Swainsona (Fabaceae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tulsiani, D. R., Broquist, H. P., James, L. F., and Touster, O. (1988). Production of hybrid glycoproteins and accumulation of oligosaccharides in the brain of sheep and pigs administered swainsonine or locoweed. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 264, 607–617.
| Production of hybrid glycoproteins and accumulation of oligosaccharides in the brain of sheep and pigs administered swainsonine or locoweed.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL1cXlt1Cisbg%3D&md5=eb5a9c2205dbed5336fc1fbe23e4584aCAS |
Wang, Q., Nagao, H., Li, Y., Wang, H., and Kakishima, M. (2006). Embellisia oxytropis, a new species isolated from Oxytropis kansuensis in China. Mycotaxon 95, 255–260.
Woudenberg, J. H. C., Groenewald, J. Z., Binder, M., and Crous, P. W. (2013). Alternaria redefined. Studies in Mycology 75, 171–212.
| Alternaria redefined.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3sbmtlGgtQ%3D%3D&md5=fb1b9c0ad12af9166e43d36e1e9c2809CAS |
