Evaluation of the impacts of feral camels
G. P. Edwards A C , B. Zeng A , W. K. Saalfeld A and P. Vaarzon-Morel BA Department of Natural Resources, Environment, the Arts and Sport, PO Box 1120, Alice Springs, NT 0871, Australia.
B Consulting Anthropologist, Desert Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre, PO Box 3971, Alice Springs, NT 0871, Australia.
C Corresponding author. Email: glenn.edwards@nt.gov.au
The Rangeland Journal 32(1) 43-54 https://doi.org/10.1071/RJ09037
Submitted: 26 June 2009 Accepted: 18 December 2009 Published: 23 March 2010
Abstract
Feral camels have significant negative impacts on the environment and the social/cultural values of Aboriginal people. These impacts include damage to vegetation through feeding behaviour and trampling; suppression of recruitment in some plant species; damage to wetlands through fouling, trampling, and sedimentation; competition with native animals for food, water and shelter; damage to sites such as waterholes, that have cultural significance to Aboriginal people; destruction of bushfood resources; reduction in Aboriginal people’s enjoyment of natural areas; creation of dangerous driving conditions; damage to people and vehicles due to collisions, and being a general nuisance in remote settlements. Negative economic impacts of feral camels mainly include direct control and management costs, impacts on livestock production through camels competing with stock for food and other resources and damage to production-related infrastructure. The annual net impact cost of feral camels was estimated to be –$10.67 million for those elements that could be evaluated according to market values. We established a positive density/damage relationship for camels and infrastructure on pastoral properties, which is likely to hold true for environmental variables and cultural/social variables as well. Therefore, irrespective of climate change, the magnitude of the negative impacts of feral camels will undoubtedly increase if the population is allowed to continue to increase. Furthermore, the likelihood that camels would be epidemiologically involved in the spread of exotic diseases like bluetongue and surra (were there to be outbreaks of these diseases in Australia) is also very likely to increase with population density. On the basis of our present understanding, we recommend that feral camels be managed to a long-term target density of 0.1–0.2 camels/km2 at property to regional scales (areas in the order of 10 000–100 000 km2) in order to mitigate broad-scale negative impacts on the environmental, social/cultural and production assets of the Australian rangelands.
Acknowledgments
The work reported in this publication was supported by funding from the Australian Government Natural Heritage Trust through the Desert Knowledge CRC; the views expressed herein do not necessarily represent the views of the Australian Government or the Desert Knowledge CRC or its participants. We thank Petronella Vaarzon-Morel, Fiona Walsh, David Alexander, David Hewitt, Andrew Drenen, Michael Balharry, Nick Swadling, Grant Williams, Peter Latz, Theresa Nano, Bob Henzell, Brian Watts, Chris Moon, Phil Gee, Tony Pople and Mark Williams for their advice and input with respect to various aspects of the research. Bo Raphael, Lyndee Matthews, James Wright, and Jenine Baker provided useful comments on drafts of the original chapter.
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