Register      Login
The Rangeland Journal The Rangeland Journal Society
Journal of the Australian Rangeland Society
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Song of the Artesian Water: aridity, drought and disputation along Queensland’s pastoral frontier in Australia

O. C. Powell
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

School of Geography Planning and Environmental Management, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. Email: owen.powell@uq.edu.au

The Rangeland Journal 34(3) 305-317 https://doi.org/10.1071/RJ12014
Submitted: 9 March 2012  Accepted: 3 July 2012   Published: 6 September 2012

Abstract

Following the recent discovery of artesian supplies, the Shearers’ Strike of 1891 and the onset of the Federation drought (1895–1902), A. B. ‘Banjo’ Paterson’s Song of the Artesian Water, published in 1896, was written at a time of profound social and environmental upheaval in the ‘bush’ of Australia. In order to better understand the historical encounters between colonial capitalism and semiarid rangeland environments, this paper unpacks the cultural meaning behind Song of the Artesian Water by exploring the interactions between water, scientific knowledge, drought and environmental transformation along the pastoral frontier of Queensland. Banjo Paterson’s poem is used as a framework to provide an historical interpretation of European exploitation of the Great Artesian Basin as well as a framework for current economic uses and environmental threats.

Additional keywords: aridity, artesian well, drought, environmental conflict, water resources.


References

Bailey, J. (1966). ‘A Hundred Years of Pastoral Banking: a History of the Australian Mercantile Land and Finance Company 1863–1963.’ (Claredon Press: Oxford.)

Blake, T., and Cook, M. (2006). ‘Great Artesian Basin Historical Overview.’ (Queensland Government Natural Resources, Mines and Water: Brisbane.)

Bradd Witt, G., and Fairfax, R. (2006). How the west was once: vegetation change in south-west Queensland from 1930–1995. Journal of Biogeography 33, 1585–1596.
How the west was once: vegetation change in south-west Queensland from 1930–1995.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Briant, M. (1890). ‘Mary Briant Papers 1890s.’ John Oxley Library, Box 7176, A14/5/. (John Oxley Library: Brisbane.)

Brisbane Courier (1897). State of the Warrego District. Brisbane Courier, Brisbane, 22 June, p. 4.

Brisbane Courier (1899). Warrego Notes. Brisbane Courier, Brisbane. 16 December, p. 2.

Brisbane Courier (1913). Death of the king of the Warrego blacks. Brisbane Courier, Brisbane. 22 April, p. 6.

Bureau of Industry (1940). ‘Queensland Letter Books.’ (Government Printer: Brisbane)

Butlin, N. (1962). The growth of rural capital, 1860–1890. In: ‘The Simple Fleece: Studies in the Australian Wool Industry’. (Ed. A. Barnard.) pp. 322–339. (Melbourne University Press: Melbourne.)

Cain, N., and Com, B. (1962). Companies and squatting in the Western Division of New South Wales. In: ‘The Simple Fleece: Studies in the Australian Wool Industry’. (Ed. A. Barnard.) pp. 435–456. (Melbourne University Press: Melbourne.)

Cameron, J. (1905). A review of the pastoral industry in the state of Queensland since 1865. Queensland Geographical Journal 21, 1–13.

Cathcart, M. (2009). ‘The Water Dreamers: The Remarkable History of our Dry Continent.’ (Text Publishing Company: Melbourne.)

Cox, W. G. (1895). ‘Artesian Wells as a Means of Water Supply, Including an Account of the Rise, Progress, and Present State of the Art of Boring for Water in Europe, Asia and America.’ (Sapford & Co.: Brisbane.)

Cox, W. G. (1902). The artesian water-supply of Australia from a geographical standpoint. The Geographical Journal 19, 560–571.
The artesian water-supply of Australia from a geographical standpoint.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Darley, C. W. (1884). ‘Notes on Drilling and Boring Artesian Wells: As Practiced in the United States of America.’ (Thomas Richards, Government Printer: Sydney.)

Darw, H. (1939). ‘Water Conservation in Australia.’ (Simmons Ltd: Sydney.)

Evendon, M. (2006). Precarious foundations: irrigation, environment, and social change in the Canadian Pacific Railway’s Eastern Section, 1900–1930. Journal of Historical Geography 32, 74–95.
Precarious foundations: irrigation, environment, and social change in the Canadian Pacific Railway’s Eastern Section, 1900–1930.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Fairfax, J., and Fensham, J. (2002). In the footsteps of J. Alfred Griffiths: a cataclysmic history of the Great Artesian Basin springs in Queensland. Australian Geographical Studies 40, 210–230.
In the footsteps of J. Alfred Griffiths: a cataclysmic history of the Great Artesian Basin springs in Queensland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Falconer, J. (1886). ‘Water Supply: Springs and their Origin: Artesian Wells and Water Supply: Queensland Gold Deposits.’ (Warwick and Sapsford: Brisbane.)

Fensham, R. (1997). Aboriginal fire regimes in Queensland, Australia: analysis of the explorer’s record. Journal of Biogeography 24, 11–22.
Aboriginal fire regimes in Queensland, Australia: analysis of the explorer’s record.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Fensham, R., and Fairfax, R. (2003). Spring wetlands of the Great Artesian Basin, Queensland, Australia. Wetlands Ecology and Management 11, 343–362.
Spring wetlands of the Great Artesian Basin, Queensland, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Fensham, R., Powell, O., and Horne, J. (2011). Rail survey plans to remote sensing: vegetation change in the mulga lands of eastern Australia and its implications for land-use change. The Rangeland Journal 33, 229–238.
Rail survey plans to remote sensing: vegetation change in the mulga lands of eastern Australia and its implications for land-use change.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Gilmartin, D. (1994). Scientific empire and imperial science: colonialism and irrigation technology in the Indus basin. The Journal of Asian Studies 53, 1127–1149.
Scientific empire and imperial science: colonialism and irrigation technology in the Indus basin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Godwin, L. (2001). The fluid frontier: central Queensland 1845–63. In: ‘Colonial Frontiers Indigenous–European Encounters in Settler Societies’. (Ed. L. Russell.) pp. 101–118. (Manchester University Press: Manchester.)

Gregory, J. W. (1909). ‘The Dead Heart of Australia.’ (John Murray: London.)

Gregory, J. W. (1916). The flowing wells of western Queensland. Queensland Geographical Journal 30, 16–17.

Griffiths, T. (2001). One hundred years of environmental crisis. The Rangeland Journal 23, 5–24.
One hundred years of environmental crisis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Habermehl, P. J., and Howden, S. M. (1998). ‘The Great Artesian Basin – Bore Rehabilitation, Rangelands and Ground-Water Management.’ (Bureau of Resource Sciences: Canberra.)

Heathcote, R. L. (1965). ‘Back of Bourke: A Study of Land Appraisal and Settlement in Semi-arid Australia.’ (Melbourne University Press: London and New York.)

Hiscock, P. (2008). ‘Archaeology of Ancient Australia.’ (Taylor and Francis: London and New York.)

Jack, R. L. (1896). ‘The Submarine Leakage of the Artesian Water.’ (Royal Society of Queensland: Brisbane.)

Jack, R. L. (1900). ‘Artesian Water in the State of Queensland, Australia.’ (Harrison and Sons: London.)

James, C., Landsberg, J., and Morton, S. (1999). Provision of watering points in the Australian arid zone: a review of effects on biota. Journal of Arid Environments 41, 87–121.
Provision of watering points in the Australian arid zone: a review of effects on biota.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Johnson, B. (1969). ‘South Asia.’ (Heinemann Educational Books Ltd: London.)

Kemp, J. R., Story, J. D., Nimmo, W. H. R., Richards, H. C., Callaghan, J. L., Parkinson, C. E., and Ball, L. C. (1945). ‘Artesian Supplies in Queensland.’ (A. H. Tucker, Government Printer: Brisbane.)

Kerr, R. (1991). ‘Resolute and Rugged: The History of the Warrego Graziers’ Association.’ (Boolarong Publications: Brisbane.)

Lamington, , Buxton, T. F., Mil, H. R., Langler, C. G., and Jack, R. L. (1902). The artesian water-supply of Australia from a geographical standpoint: discussion The Geographical Journal 19, 571–576.
The artesian water-supply of Australia from a geographical standpoint: discussionCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Lampert, J. (1968). Baringun. In: ‘Papers Presented by the Members of the Bourke and District Historical Society 1964–1966 on the History of Bourke’. (Ed. W. J. Cameron.) p. 65. (Bourke and District Historical Society: Bourke.)

Langford-Smith, T., and Rutherford, J. (1966). ‘Water and Land: Two Case Studies in Irrigation.’ (Australian National University Press: Canberra.)

Laurie, A. (1938). The shearers’ and bushworkers strike of 1891. The Royal Historical Society of Queensland Journal 3, 80–89.

Lawson, H. (1891). Freedom on the wallaby. The Worker, 16 May, p. 8.

May, D. (1994). ‘Aboriginal Labour and the Cattle Industry: Queensland from White Settlement to the Present.’ (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.)

McKeon, G., Hall, W., Henry, B., Stone, G., and Watson, I. (2004). ‘Pasture Degradation and Recovery in Australia’s Rangelands: Learning from History.’ (Queensland Department of Natural Resources, Mines and Energy: Brisbane.)

McManus, M. (1916). ‘Reminiscences of the Early Settlement of the Maranoa District in the Late Fifties and Early Sixties.’ (E. A. Howard: Brisbane.)

Meinig, D. (1970). ‘On the Margins of the Good Earth: The South Australian Wheat Frontier 1869–1884.’ (Rigby: Adelaide.)

Mulvaney, D. J., and Joyce, E. B. (1965). Archaeological and geomorphological investigations on Mt Moffat station, Queensland, Australia. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 31, 147–212.

Noble, J. C., Habermehl, M. A., James, C. D., Landsberg, J., Langston, A. C., and Morton, S. R. (1998). Biodiversity implications of water management in the Great Artesian Basin. The Rangeland Journal 20, 275–300.
Biodiversity implications of water management in the Great Artesian Basin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Oxley, R. (1987). Analysis of historical records of a grazing property in south-western Queensland. The Australian Rangeland Journal 9, 21–29.
Analysis of historical records of a grazing property in south-western Queensland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Paterson, A. B. (1896). Song of the Artesian Water. The Bulletin, 12 December, 1896, p. 10.

Percy, A. (1906). ‘The Drought Antidote for the North-West: or, the Utilisation of the Artesian Resources of New South Wales.’ (Government Printer: Sydney.)

Pittman, E. F. (1914). ‘The Great Australian Artesian Basin and the Source of its Water.’ Department of Mines, Geological Survey of New South Wales. (William Applegate Gullick, Government Printer: Sydney.)

Pittman, E. F. (1915). ‘The Great Australian Artesian Basin.’ Department of Mines, Geological Survey of New South Wales. (William Applegate Gullick, Government Printer: Sydney.)

Pittman, E. F., Hendreson, J. B., Maitland, A. G., Keyon, A. S., Ward, L. K., Dare, H. H., Jenkins, R. F., and Slade, J. E. (1913). ‘Report of the Inter-State Conference on Artesian Water.’ (William Applegate Gullick, Government Printer: Sydney.)

Pittman, E. F., Stweart, G., Dare, H. H., Hargreaves, J., Oldham, H., Dustan, B., Ward, L. K., Maitland, A. B., Keyon, A. S., Jenkins, R. F., Saint-Smith, E. C., and Slade, J. E. (1914). ‘Report of the Second Interstate Conference on Artesian Water.’ (Anthony James Cumming, Government Printer: Brisbane.)

Powell, J. M. (1991). ‘Plains of Promise Rivers of Destiny.’ (Boolarong Publications: Brisbane.)

Powell M. (2010) Fragile identities: the colonial consequences of CJR Le Mesurier in Ceylon. Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History 11(1). http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_colonialism_and_colonial_history/v011/11.1.powell.html

Powell, O. (2011). Warrego Country: water, people, landscape. PhD Thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.

Pringle, H., and Landsberg, J. (2004). Predicting the distribution of livestock grazing pressures in rangelands. Austral Ecology 29, 31–39.
Predicting the distribution of livestock grazing pressures in rangelands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Queenslander (1898). Electric lighting by artesian water. Queenslander, 3 December, p. 1082.

Rawlingson, T. (1878). Subterranean drainage in the interior. Transactions and Proceedings and Report of the Philosophical Society of Adelaide, South Australia 1, 124–126.

Richert, G. (1920). The flowing wells of western Queensland. Queensland Geographical Journal 34, 37–42.

Robins, R. (1995). Archaeological investigations at Youlain Springs, south-west Queensland. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 1, 57–74.

Royal Commission on Land Settlement (1897). Report of the Royal Commission on land settlement. Queensland Votes and Proceedings 3, 903–1253.

Semmler, C. (1974). ‘The Banjo of the Bush: The Life and Times of A. B. ‘Banjo’ Paterson.’ (University of Queensland Press: Brisbane.)

Squatting Investment Co. (1888). Ledgers, 3/45, Noel Butlin Archives. Australian National University, Canberra.

Sub-department of Irrigation and Water Supply (1935). Details of work and statistics of the sub-department of irrigation and water supply. Queensland Parliamentary Papers 2, 303–355.

Svensen, S. (1989). ‘The Shearers’ War: The Story of the 1891 Shearers’ Strike.’ (University of Queensland Press: Brisbane.)

Symmonds, R. S. (1912).’ Our Artesian Waters: Observations in the Laboratory and in the Field.’ (William Applegate Gullick, Government Printer: Sydney.)

Thomson, J. (1901). The climate and artesian waters of Australia. Queensland Geographical Journal 7, 1–32.

Water Supply Department (1888). Report of the hydraulic engineer on water supply. Queensland Votes and Proceedings 3, 749–759.

Water Supply Department (1894). Report of the hydraulic engineer on water supply. Queensland Votes and Proceedings 3, 1455–1479.

Water Supply Department (1895). Report of the hydraulic engineer on water supply. Queensland Votes and Proceedings 3, 997–1002.

Water Supply Department (1896). Report of the hydraulic engineer on water supply. Queensland Votes and Proceedings 4, 419–442.

Water Supply Department (1897). Report of the hydraulic engineer on water supply. Queensland Votes and Proceedings 4, 851–902.

Woods, L. E. (1983). ‘Land Degradation in Australia.’ (Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.)

Worster, D. (1992a). ‘Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity, and the Growth of the American West.’ (Oxford University Press: New York.)

Worster, D. (1992b). ‘Under Western Skies.’ (Oxford University Press: New York.)