Register      Login
The Rangeland Journal The Rangeland Journal Society
Journal of the Australian Rangeland Society
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Fragmentation of Australian rangelands: processes, benefits and risks of changing patterns of land use

C. J. Stokes A C , R. R. J. McAllister B and A. J. Ash B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A CSIRO, Sustainable Ecosystems, Davies Laboratory, PMB PO Aitkenvale, Qld 4814, Australia.

B CSIRO, Sustainable Ecosystems, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia.

C Corresponding author. Email: chris.stokes@csiro.au

The Rangeland Journal 28(2) 83-96 https://doi.org/10.1071/RJ05026
Submitted: 26 July 2005  Accepted: 8 November 2005   Published: 9 November 2006

Abstract

Pastoral development of Australian rangelands has been accompanied by fragmentation of land use, which has changed the scale at which humans and livestock access patchily-distributed resources in landscapes. These changes have tended to be targeted towards achieving narrowly defined policy or land management objectives, and have ignored the broader consequences for land use. We describe the processes of rangeland fragmentation, the factors that have driven these changing patterns of land use, and current trends towards enterprise consolidation and intensification, which continue to reshape the way humans and livestock use rangelands. Although there is growing interest in intensified systems of rangeland management, some of the benefits are uncertain, and there are several risks that serve as a caution against overoptimism: (i) intensification involves multiple simultaneous changes to enterprise operations and the benefits and trade offs of each component need to be better understood; (ii) if intensification proceeds without addressing constraints to implementing these management options sustainably then overutilisation and degradation of rangelands is likely to occur; (iii) further fragmentation of rangelands (from increased internal fencing) could compromise potential benefits derived from landscape heterogeneity in connected landscapes. Adaptation by the pastoral industry continues to reshape the use of rangelands. A broad-based approach to changes in land use that incorporates risks together with expected benefits during initial planning decisions would contribute to greater resilience of rangeland enterprises.

Additional keywords: grazing systems, heterogeneity, land tenure, synchronisation.


Acknowledgments

This work is part of the SCALE project, and was supported by a US National Science Foundation Grant #DEB-0119618 and the CSIRO Complex Systems Science centre. We are grateful to the landholders participating in this study for their involvement, and for sharing their knowledge and experiences with us. Leigh Hunt, Iain Gordon and 2 anonymous reviewers provided comments that helped to improve this paper.


References


Abbott B. N. , and McAllister R. R. J. (2004). Using GIS and satellite imagery to estimate the historical expansion of grazing country in the Dalrymple shire. In: ‘Proceeding of the 3rd biennial Australian Rangeland Society conference’. (Eds G. Bastin, D. Walsh and S. Nicolson.) pp. 405–406. (Australian Rangeland Society: Alice Springs.)

Abrams P. A. (2000) The impact of habitat selection on the spatial heterogeneity of resources in varying environments. Ecology 81, 2902–2913.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Acocks J. P. H. (1966) Non-selective grazing as a means of veld reclamation. Proceedings of the Grassland Society of South Africa 1, 33–39. open url image1

Anderies J. M., Janssen M. A., Walker B. H. (2002) Grazing management, resilience, and the dynamics of a fire-driven rangeland system. Ecosystems 5, 23–44.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Andrew M. H. (1986) Use of fire for spelling monsoon tallgrass pasture grazed by cattle. Tropical Grasslands 20, 69–78. open url image1

Ash A. , Corfield J. , and Ksiksi T. (2001). ‘The Ecograze project: developing guidelines to better manage grazing country.’ (CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems: Townsville.)

Ash A. J., Gross J. E., Stafford Smith D. M. (2004) Scale, heterogeneity and secondary production in tropical grasslands. African Journal of Range and Forage Science 21, 137–145. open url image1

Ash A. J. , and McIvor J. G. (2005). Constraints to pastoral systems in marginal environments. In: ‘Proceedings of the 20th International Grasslands Congress: Grassland Based Systems in Marginal Environments’. (International Grasslands Congress: Dublin.)

Ash A. J., Stafford Smith D. M. (1996) Evaluating stocking rate impacts in rangelands: animals don’t practice what we preach. The Rangeland Journal 18, 216–243.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Ash A. J. , Stafford Smith D. M. , and Abel N. (2002). Land degradation and secondary production in semi-arid and arid grazing systems: what is the evidence? In: ‘Global desertification: do humans cause deserts?’ (Eds J. F. Reynolds and D. M. Stafford Smith.) pp. 111–134. (Dahlem University Press: Berlin.)

Ash A. J., Stafford Smith D. M. (2003) Pastoralism in tropical rangelands: seizing the opportunity to change. The Rangeland Journal 25, 113–127.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Bailey D. W., Gross J. E., Laca E. A., Rittenhouse L. R., Coughenour M. B., Swift D. M., Simms P. L. (1996) Mechanisms that result in large herbivore grazing distribution patterns. Journal of Range Management 49, 386–400. open url image1

Bailey D. W., Welling G. R. (1999) Modification of cattle grazing distribution with dehydrated molasses supplement. Journal of Range Management 52, 575–582. open url image1

Bangsund D. A., Nudell D. J., Sell R. S., Leistritz F. L. (2001) Economic analysis of using sheep to control leafy spurge. Journal of Range Management 54, 322–329. open url image1

Bayer W. , and Waters-Bayer A. (1995). Forage alternatives from range and field. In: ‘Living with uncertainty: new directions in pastoral development in Africa’. (Ed. I. Scoones.) pp. 58–78. (Intermediate Technology: London.)

Behnke R. H. , and Scoones I. (1993). Rethinking range ecology: implications for rangeland management in Africa. In: ‘Range ecology at disequilibrium: new models of natural variability and pastoral adaptation in African savannas’. (Eds R. H. Behnke, I. Scoones and C. Kerven.) pp. 1–30. (Overseas Development Institute: London.)

Berndt R. M. , and Berndt C. H. (1981). ‘The world of the first Australians.’ (Lansdowne Press: Sydney.)

Blake T. W. (1979). Land settlement across the Queensland border. In: ‘The history of Bourke’. (Ed. W. J. Cameron.) (Bourke and District Historical Society: Bourke.)

Boone R. B., Hobbs N. T. (2004) Lines around fragments: effects of fencing on large herbivores. African Journal of Range and Forage Science 21, 147–158. open url image1

Bortolussi G., McIvor J. G., Hodgkinson J. J., Coffey S. G., Holmes C. R. (2005a) The northern Australian beef industry, a snapshot. 1. Regional enterprise activity and structure. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, 1057–1073.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Bortolussi G., McIvor J. G., Hodgkinson J. J., Coffey S. G., Holmes C. R. (2005b) The northern Australian beef industry, a snapshot. 4. Condition and management of natural resources. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, 1109–1120.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Caltabiano T. , Hardman J. R. P. , and Reynolds R. (1999). ‘Living area standards.’ (Department of Natural Resources: Coorparoo.)

Cameron J. , and Blick R. (1991). Pastoralism in the Queensland mulga lands. In: ‘Recovering ground: a case study approach to ecologically sustainable rural land management’. (Eds J. Cameron and J. Elix.) pp. 75–116. (Australian Conservation Foundation: Melbourne.)

Centre for International Economics (1997). ‘Sustainable natural resource management in the rangelands.’ (Centre for International Economics: Canberra.)

Cingolani A. M., Noy-Meir I., Diaz S. (2005) Grazing effects on rangeland diversity: a synthesis of contemporary models. Ecological Applications 15, 757–773. open url image1

Cobon D. (1996). Use of goats for woody weed control. In: ‘Proceedings of the 4th Queensland Weeds Symposium’. pp. 69–74. (Weed Society of Queensland Inc.: Brisbane.)

Cowan P. E., Tyndale-Biscoe C. H. (1997) Australian and New Zealand mammal species considered to be pests or problems. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 9, 27–36.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Danckwerts J. E., O’Reagain P. J., O’Connor T. G. (1993) Range management in a changing environment: a Southern African perspective. The Rangeland Journal 15, 133–144.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

De Corte M. W. M. , Barry E. V. , Bright M. J. , Cannon M. G. , and Scanlan J. C. (1994). ‘Land degradation in the Dalrymple Shire, a preliminary assessment. Methods and results.’ (Queensland Department of Primary Industries: Brisbane.)

Earl J. M., Jones C. E. (1996) The need for a new approach to grazing management – is cell grazing the answer? The Rangeland Journal 18, 327–350.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Eckert R. E., Spencer J. S. (1986) Vegetation response on allotments grazed under rest–rotation management. Journal of Range Management 39, 166–174. open url image1

Fargher J. D., Howard B. M., Burnside D. G., Andrew M. H. (2003) The economy of Australian rangelands: myth or mystery. The Rangeland Journal 25, 140–156.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Friedel M. H., Sparrow A. D., Kinloch J. E., Tongway D. J. (2003) Degradation and recovery processes in and grazing lands of central Australia. Part 2: Vegetation. Journal of Arid Environments 55, 327–348.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Fryxell J. M., Wilmshurst J. F., Sinclair A. R. E. (2004) Predictive models of movement by Serengeti grazers. Ecology 85, 2429–2435. open url image1

Fryxell J. M., Wilmshurst J. F., Sinclair A. R. E., Haydon D. T., Holt R. D., Abrams P. A. (2005) Landscape scale, heterogeneity, and the viability of Serengeti grazers. Ecology Letters 8, 328–335.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Fuhlendorf S. D., Engle D. M. (2001) Restoring heterogeneity on rangelands: ecosystem management based on evolutionary grazing patterns. BioScience 51, 625–632.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Fuhlendorf S. D., Engle D. M. (2004) Application of the fire-grazing interaction to restore a shifting mosaic on tallgrass prairie. Journal of Applied Ecology 41, 604–614.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Fuls E. R. (1992) Semiarid and arid rangelands – a resource under siege due to patch-selective grazing. Journal of Arid Environments 22, 191–193. open url image1

Galvin K. A. , Reid R. , Behnke R. H. , and Hobbs N. T. (2007). ‘Fragmentation in semi-arid and arid landscapes: consequences for human and natural systems.’ (Kluwer: Amsterdam.) (In press)

Gill A. M. , Woinarski J. C. Z. , and York A. (1999). ‘Australia′s biodiversity – responses to fire, plants, birds and intvertebrates.’ (Commonwealth of Australia: Canberra.)

Greiner R. , Stoeckl N. , Stokes C. J. , Herr A. , and Bachmaier J. (2003). ‘Natural resource management in the Burdekin Dry Tropics: social and economic issues.’ (CSIRO: Townsville.)

Grime J. P. (1973) Competitive exclusion in herbaceous vegetation. Nature 242, 344–347.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Gruen F. (1990). Economic development and agriculture since 1945. In: ‘Agriculture in the Australian economy’. (Ed. D. B. Williams.) pp. 19–26. (Syndey University Press: Sydney.)

Hannam I. (2000). Policy and law for rangeland conservation. In: ‘Rangeland desertification’. (Eds O. Arnalds and S. Archer.) pp. 165–180. (Kluwer Academic Press: Dordrecht.)

Hart R. H., Bissio J., Smauel M. J., Waggoner J. W. (1993) Grazing systems, pasture size, and cattle grazing behavior, distribution and gains. Journal of Range Management 46, 81–87. open url image1

Heshmatti G. A., Facelli J. M., Conran J. G. (2002) The piosphere revisited: plant species patterns close to waterpoints in small, fenced paddocks in chenopod shrublands of South Australia. Journal of Arid Environments 51, 547–560.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Hobbs N. T. , Reid R. , Galvin K. A. , and Ellis E. J. (2007). Fragmentation of arid and semi-arid ecosystems: implications for people and animals. In: ‘Fragmentation in semi-arid and arid landscapes: consequences for human and natural systems’. (Eds K. A. Galvin, R. Reid, R. H. Behnke and N. T. Hobbs.) (Kluwer: Amsterdam.) (In press)

Hoffman M. T. (2003) Nature′s method of grazing: Non-Selective Grazing (NSG) as a means of veld reclamation in South Africa. South African Journal of Botany 69, 92–98. open url image1

Holechek J. L., Gomes H., Molinar F., Galt D., Valdez R. (2000) Short duration grazing: the facts in 1999. Rangelands 21, 18–22. open url image1

Holmes J. H. (1994) Foreword: changing values, goals, needs and expectations of rangeland users. The Rangeland Journal 16, 147–154.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Holmes J. H. (1997) Diversity and change in Australia’s rangeland regions: translating resource values into regional benefits. The Rangeland Journal 19, 3–25.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Holmes J. M. (1963). ‘Australia’s open north.’ (Angus and Robertson: Sydney.)

Howery L. D., Bailey D. W., Ruyle G. B., Renken W. J. (2000) Cattle use visual cues to track food locations. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 67, 1–14.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed | open url image1

Howery L. D., Provenza F. D., Banner R. E., Scott C. B. (1996) Differences in home range and habitat use among individuals in a cattle herd. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 49, 305–320.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

James C. D., Landsberg J., Morton S. R. (1995) Ecological functioning in arid Australia and research to assist conservation biodiversity. Pacific Conservation Biology 2, 126–142. open url image1

James C. D., Landsberg J., Morton S. R. (1999) Provision of watering points in the Australian arid zone: a review of effects on biota. Journal of Arid Environments 41, 87–121.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Jansen A., Robertson A. I. (2001) Relationships between livestock management and the ecological condition of riparian habitats along an Australian floodplain river. Journal of Applied Ecology 38, 63–75.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Janssen M. A. , Bodin Ö. , Anderies J. M. , Elmqvist T. , Ernstson H. , McAllister R. R. J. , Olsson P. , and Ryan P. (2006). Towards a network perspective of the study of resilience in social-ecological systems. Ecology and Society 11, 15. Available at: www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss1/art15/

Janssen M. A., Walker B. H., Langridge J., Abel N. (2000) An adaptive agent model for analysing co-evolution of management and policies in a complex rangeland system. Ecological Modelling 131, 249–268.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Johnston J. (1984) The Brucellosis-Tb eradication campaign – some implications for the pastoral areas of the final phase. The Rangeland Journal 6, 106–109.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Johnston P. W., McKeon G. M., Day K. A. (1996) Objective ‘safe’ grazing capacities for south-west Queensland Australia: development of a model for individual properties. The Rangeland Journal 18, 244–258.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Landsberg J. , and Gillieson D. (1996). Looking beyond the piospheres to locate biodiversity reference areas in Australia′s rangelands. In: ‘Rangelands in a sustainable biosphere. Proceedings of the 5th International Rangelands Congress’. (Ed. N. E. West.) pp. 304–305. (Society for Range Management: Denver.)

Landsberg J. , James C. D. , Morton S. R. , Hobb T. , Stol J. , Drew A. , and Tongway H. (1997). ‘The effects of artificial water sources of water on rangeland biodiversity.’ (Environment Australia: Canberra.)

Landsberg J., James C. D., Morton S. R., Muller W. J., Stol J. (2003) Abundance and composition of plant species along grazing gradients in Australian rangelands. Journal of Applied Ecology 40, 1008–1024.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Landsberg R. G., Ash A. J., Shepherd R. K., McKeon G. M. (1998) Learning from history to survive in the future: management evolution on Trafalgar Station, north-east Queensland. The Rangeland Journal 20, 104–118.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Launchbaugh K. L., Howery L. D. (2005) Understanding landscape use patterns of livestock as a consequence of foraging behavior. Rangeland Ecology and Management 58, 99–108.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Lindenmayer D. B., Cunningham R. B., Donnelly C. F., Nix H., Lindenmayer B. D. (2002) Effects of forest fragmentation on bird assemblages in a novel landscape context. Ecological Monographs 72, 1–18. open url image1

Lindenmayer D. B., McIntyre S., Fischer J. (2003) Birds in eucalypt and pine forests: landscape alteration and its implications for research models of faunal habitat use. Biological Conservation 110, 45–53.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Linhart Y. B., Whelan R. J. (1980) Woodland regeneration in relation to grazing and fencing in Coed Gorswen, North Wales. Journal of Applied Ecology 17, 827–840.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Macleod N. D. (1990) Issues of size and viability of pastoral holdings in the Western Division of New South Wales. The Rangeland Journal 12, 67–78.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Martin S. C., Ward D. E. (1973) Salt and meal-salt help distribute cattle use on semi-desert range. Journal of Range Management 26, 94–97. open url image1

McAllister R. R. J., Gordon I. J., Janssen M. A., Abel N. (2006a) Pastoralists’ responses to variation of rangeland resources in time and space. Ecological Applications 16, 572–583.
PubMed |
open url image1

McAllister R. R. J. , Gross J. E. , and Stokes C. J. (2006 b). Rangeland consolidation patterns in Australia: an agent-based modelling approach. In: ‘Complex science for a complex world: exploring human ecosystems with agents’. (Eds P. Perez and D. Batten.) (ANU ePress: Canberra.)

McIntyre S., Hobbs R. (1999) A framework for conceptualizing human effects on landscapes and its relevance to management and research models. Conservation Biology 13, 1282–1292.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

McKeon G. , Hall W. , Henry B. , Stone G. , and Watson I. (2004). ‘Pasture degradation and recovery in Australia’s rangelands: learning from history.’ (Queensland Department of Natural Resources, Mines and Energy: Brisbane.)

Mortiss P. D. (1995). ‘The environmental issues of the upper Burdekin catchment.’ (Queensland Department of Primary Industries: Brisbane.)

Morton S. R. , Stafford Smith D. M. , Friedel M. H. , Griffin G. F. , and Pickup G. (1995). ‘Refugia for biological diversity in arid and semi-arid Australia.’ (Department of Environment, Sports and Territories: Canberra.)

Niamir-Fuller M. , and Turner M. D. (1999). A review of recent literature on pastoralism and transhumance in Africa. In: ‘Managing mobility in African rangelands’. (Ed. M. Niamir-Fuller) pp. 18–46. (Intermediate Technology: London.)

Norton B. E. (1998) The application of grazing management to increase sustainable livestock production. Proceedings of the Australian Society for Animal Production 22, 15–26. open url image1

Owens M. K., Launchbaugh K. L., Holloway J. W. (1991) Pasture characteristics affecting spatial-distribution of utilization by cattle in mixed brush communities. Journal of Range Management 44, 118–123. open url image1

Pannatier Y. (1996). ‘VARIOWIN: software for spatial data analysis in 2D.’ (Spring-Verlag: New York.)

Passmore J. G. I., Brown C. G. (1992) Property size and rangeland degradation in the Queensland mulga rangelands. The Rangeland Journal 14, 9–25.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Perevolotsky A. (1987) Territoriality and resource sharing among the Bedouin of southern Sinai: a socio-ecological interpretation. Journal of Arid Environments 13, 153–161. open url image1

Pickup G., Chewings V. H. (1988) Estimating the distribution of grazing and patterns of cattle movement in a large arid zone paddock – an approach using animal distribution models and landsat imagery. International Journal of Remote Sensing 9, 1469–1490. open url image1

Robertson A. I., Rowling R. W. (2000) Effects of livestock on riparian zone vegetation in an Australian dryland river. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 16, 527–541.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Robertson G. A. (2003) Global influences on rangelands of Australia. The Rangeland Journal 25, 128–139.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Rogler G. A. (1951) A twenty-five year comparison of continuous and rotation grazing in the northern plains. Journal of Range Management 4, 35–41. open url image1

Roshier D. A., Nicol H. I. (1998) Implications of spatio-temporal variation in forage production and utilisation for animal productivity in extensive grazing systems. The Rangeland Journal 20, 3–25.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Roth C. , Aldrick J. , Ash A. J. , Hook R. , Novelly P. , Orr D. , Quirk M. , and Sallaway M. (1999). ‘The North Australia program.’ (CSIRO: Townsville.)

Savory A., Parsons S. D. (1980) The Savory grazing method. Rangelands. Rangelands 2, 234–237. open url image1

Scoones I. (1992) Coping with drought: responses of herders and livestock in contrasting savanna environments in southern Zimbabwe. Human Ecology 20, 293–314.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Shaw A. (1990). Colonial settlement 1788–1945. In: ‘Agriculture in the Australian economy’. (Ed. D. B. Williams.) pp. 1–18. (Syndey University Press: Sydney.)

Sparrow A. D., Friedel M. H., Tongway D. (2003) Degradation and recovery processes in arid grazing lands of central Australia. Part 3: Implications at landscape scale. Journal of Arid Environments 55, 349–358.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Stokes C. J. , McAllister R. R. J. , Ash A. J. , and Gross J. E. (2007). Changing patterns of land use and tenure in the Dalrymple Shire, Australia. In: ‘Fragmentation in semi-arid and arid landscapes: consequences for human and natural systems’. (Eds K. A. Galvin, R. Reid, R. H. Behnke and N. T. Hobbs.) (Kluwer: Amsterdam.) (In press)

Taylor G. (1959). ‘Australia: a study of warm environments and their effect on British settlement.’ (Methuen: London.)

Thébaud B. (2001) Sahel pastoralists: opportunism, struggle, conflict and negotiation. A case study from eastern Niger. Global Environmental Change 11, 69–78.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Tongway D. J., Sparrow A. D., Friedel M. H. (2003) Degradation and recovery processes in arid grazing lands of central Australia. Part 1: Soil and land resources. Journal of Arid Environments 55, 301–326.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Valentine J. F. (1990). ‘Grazing management.’ (Academic Press: San Diego.)

Walker B. H., Janssen M. A. (2002) Rangelands, pastoralists and governments: Interlinked systems of people and nature. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 357, 719–725.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed | open url image1

Wang K. M., Hacker R. B. (1997) Sustainability of rangeland pastoralism – a case study from the west Australian arid zone using stochastic optimal control theory. Journal of Environmental Management 50, 147–170.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Williams P. R., Collins E. M., Grice A. C. (2005) Cattle grazing for para grass management in a mixed species wetland of north-eastern Australia. Ecological Management and Restoration 6, 75–76.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Woinarski J. C. Z., Fisher A. (2003) Conservation and the maintenance of biodiversity in the rangelands. The Rangeland Journal 25, 157–171.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1