Roles of forkhead box protein L2 (foxl2) during gonad differentiation and maintenance in a fish, the olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Zhaofei Fan
A B C , Yuxia Zou A B , Dongdong Liang A B C , Xungang Tan A B , Shuang Jiao A B , Zhihao Wu A B , Jun Li A B , Peijun Zhang A B and Feng You A B D
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
B Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, PR China.
C University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 (A) Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China.
D Corresponding author. Email: youfeng@qdio.ac.cn
Reproduction, Fertility and Development 31(11) 1742-1752 https://doi.org/10.1071/RD18233
Submitted: 4 October 2017 Accepted: 6 June 2019 Published: 20 September 2019
Abstract
As an important maricultured fish, the olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus shows sex-dimorphic growth. Thus, the molecular mechanisms involved in sex control in P. olivaceus have attracted researchers’ attention. Among the sex-related genes, forkhead box protein L2 (foxl2) exhibits significant sex-dimorphic expression patterns and plays an important role in fish gonad differentiation and development. The present study first investigated the expression levels and promoter methylation dynamics of foxl2 during flounder gonad differentiation under treatments of high temperature and exogenous 17β-oestradiol (E2). During high temperature treatment, the expression of flounder foxl2 may be repressed via maintenance of DNA methylation. Then, flounder with differentiated testis at Stages I–II were treated with exogenous 5 ppm E2 or 5 ppm E2 + 150 ppm trilostane (TR) to investigate whether exogenous sex hormones could induce flounder sex reversal. The differentiated testis exhibited phenotypic variations of gonadal dysgenesis with upregulation of female-related genes (foxl2 and cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily A (cyp19a)) and downregulation of male-related genes (cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily B member 2 (cyp11b2), doublesex- and mab-3 related transcription factor 1 (dmrt1), anti-Mullerian hormone (amh) and SRY-box transcription factor 9 (sox9)). Furthermore, a cotransfection assay of the cells of the flounder Sertoli cell line indicated that Foxl2 was able alone or with nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 2 (Nr5a2) jointly to upregulate expression of cyp19a. Moreover, Foxl2 and Nr5a2 repressed the expression of dmrt1. In summary, Foxl2 may play an important role in ovarian differentiation by maintaining cyp19a expression and antagonising the expression of dmrt1. However, upregulation of foxl2 is not sufficient to induce the sex reversal of differentiated testis.
Additional keywords: DNA methylation, high temperature and exogenous sex hormones, gene expression, gonad development.
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