Arginine increases development of in vitro-produced porcine embryos and affects the protein arginine methyltransferase–dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase–nitric oxide axis
Bethany K. Redel A , Kimberly J. Tessanne A , Lee D. Spate A , Clifton N. Murphy A and Randall S. Prather A B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Division of Animal Science, Animal Science Research Center, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
B Corresponding author. Email: pratherr@missouri.edu
Reproduction, Fertility and Development 27(4) 655-666 https://doi.org/10.1071/RD14293
Submitted: 9 August 2014 Accepted: 14 February 2015 Published: 13 March 2015
Journal Compilation © CSIRO Publishing 2015 Open Access CC BY-NC-ND
Abstract
Culture systems promote development at rates lower than the in vivo environment. Here, we evaluated the embryo’s transcriptome to determine what the embryo needs during development. A previous mRNA sequencing endeavour found upregulation of solute carrier family 7 (cationic amino acid transporter, y+ system), member 1 (SLC7A1), an arginine transporter, in in vitro- compared with in vivo-cultured embryos. In the present study, we added different concentrations of arginine to our culture medium to meet the needs of the porcine embryo. Increasing arginine from 0.12 to 1.69 mM improved the number of embryos that developed to the blastocyst stage. These blastocysts also had more total nuclei compared with controls and, specifically, more trophectoderm nuclei. Embryos cultured in 1.69 mM arginine had lower SLC7A1 levels and a higher abundance of messages involved with glycolysis (hexokinase 1, hexokinase 2 and glutamic pyruvate transaminase (alanine aminotransferase) 2) and decreased expression of genes involved with blocking the tricarboxylic acid cycle (pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 1) and the pentose phosphate pathway (transaldolase 1). Expression of the protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT) genes PRMT1, PRMT3 and PRMT5 throughout development was not affected by arginine. However, the dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1 (DDAH1) and DDAH2 message was found to be differentially regulated through development, and the DDAH2 protein was localised to the nuclei of blastocysts. Arginine has a positive effect on preimplantation development and may be affecting the nitric oxide–DDAH–PRMT axis.
Additional keywords: amino acid, arginine transporter, culture, gene expression, metabolism, Warburg effect.
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