Determinants of valid measurements of global changes in 5′-methylcytosine and 5′-hydroxymethylcytosine by immunolocalisation in the early embryo
J. Salvaing A , Y. Li B , N. Beaujean A C and C. O’Neill B C
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
B Centre for Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia.
C Corresponding authors. Email: nathalie.beaujean@jouy.inra.fr; chris.oneill@sydney.edu.au
Reproduction, Fertility and Development 27(5) 755-764 https://doi.org/10.1071/RD14136
Submitted: 24 April 2014 Accepted: 26 August 2014 Published: 9 October 2014
Abstract
A classical model of epigenetic reprogramming of methyl-cytosine–phosphate–guanine (CpG) dinucleotides within the genome of the early embryo involves a process of active demethylation of the paternally derived genome immediately following fertilisation, creating marked asymmetry in global cytosine methylation levels in male and female pronuclei, followed by passive demethylation of the maternally derived genome over subsequent cell cycles. This model has dominated thinking in developmental epigenetics over recent decades. Recent re-analyses of the model show that demethylation of the paternally derived genome is more modest than formerly thought and results in overall similar levels of methylation of the paternal and maternal pronuclei in presyngamal zygotes, although there is little evidence for a pervasive process of passive demethylation during the cleavage stage of development. In contrast, the inner cell mass of the blastocyst shows some loss of methylation within specific classes of loci. Improved methods of chemical analysis now allow global base-level analysis of modifications to CpG dinucleotides within the cells of the early embryo, yet the low cost and convenience of the immunolocalisation techniques mean that they still have a valuable place in the analysis of the epigenetics of embryo development. In this review we consider the key strengths and weaknesses of this methodology and some factors required for its valid use and interpretation.
Additional keywords: acid treatment, quantification, trypsin.
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