Elements of functional genital asymmetry in the cow
B. Trigal A , C. Díez A , M. Muñoz A , J. N. Caamaño A , F. Goyache A , E. Correia-Alvarez A , F. J. Corrales B , M. I. Mora B , S. Carrocera A , D. Martin A and E. Gómez A C
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Centro de Biotecnología Animal, SERIDA, Camino de Rioseco 1225, 33394 Gijón, Spain.
B Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Avda Pío XII 55, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
C Corresponding author. Email: egomez@serida.org
Reproduction, Fertility and Development 26(4) 493-501 https://doi.org/10.1071/RD13056
Submitted: 18 February 2013 Accepted: 11 March 2013 Published: 11 April 2013
Abstract
Asymmetry in the cow affects ovarian function and pregnancy. In this work we studied ovarian and uterine asymmetry. Synchronised animals, in which in vitro-produced embryos (n = 30–60) had been transferred on Day 5 to the uterine horn ipsilateral to the corpus luteum (CL), were flushed on Day 8. Ovulatory follicle diameter, oestrus response and total protein flushed did not differ between sides. However, a corpus luteum in the right ovary led to plasma progesterone concentrations that were higher than when it was present in the left ovary. Fewer embryos were recovered from the left than the right horn. Among 60 uterine proteins identified by difference gel electrophoresis, relative abundance of nine (acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, very long chain; twinfilin, actin-binding protein, homologue 1; enolase 1; pyruvate kinase isozymes M1/M2 (rabbit); complement factor B Bb fragment ; albumin; fibrinogen gamma-B chain; and ezrin differed (P < 0.05) between horns. Glucose concentration was higher, and fructose concentration lower, in the left horn. In a subsequent field trial, pregnancy rates after embryo transfer did not differ between horns (51.0 ± 3.6, right vs 53.2 ± 4.7, left). However, Day 7 blood progesterone concentrations differed (P = 0.018) between pregnant and open animals in the left (15.9 ± 1.7 vs 8.3 ± 1.2) but not in the right horn (12.4 ± 1.3 vs 12.4 ± 1.2). Progesterone effects were independent of CL quality (P = 0.55). Bilateral genital tract asymmetry in the cow affects progesterone, proteins and hexoses without altering pregnancy rates.
Additional keywords: embryo, pregnancy, progesterone, proteome, uterus.
References
Alila, H. W., Dowd, J. P., Corradino, R. A., Harris, W. V., and Hansel, W. (1988). Control of progesterone production in small and large bovine luteal cells separated by flow cytometry. J. Reprod. Fertil. 82, 645–655.| Control of progesterone production in small and large bovine luteal cells separated by flow cytometry.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL1cXhs1Wlurg%3D&md5=daa73c7a5091600f2498608a6a50a486CAS | 3163003PubMed |
Basu, S., Goswani, S. K., and De, S. K. (1961). Studies on the genitalia of she-goats. Indian Vet. J. 38, 302–304.
Bermejo-Alvarez, P., Rizos, D., Rath, D., Lonergan, P., and Gutierrez-Adan, A. (2008). Can bovine in vitro-matured oocytes selectively process X- or Y-sorted sperm differentially? Biol. Reprod. 79, 594–597.
| Can bovine in vitro-matured oocytes selectively process X- or Y-sorted sperm differentially?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtFCqtbnE&md5=cc078e1956343c2add3d5f62b59fb730CAS | 18579751PubMed |
Bermejo-Alvarez, P., Rizos, D., Lonergan, P., and Gutierrez-Adan, A. (2011). Transcriptional sexual dimorphism during preimplantation embryo development and its consequences for developmental competence and adult health and disease. Reproduction 141, 563–570.
| Transcriptional sexual dimorphism during preimplantation embryo development and its consequences for developmental competence and adult health and disease.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXmvFCju7Y%3D&md5=bfaa79dbaea49627c7ed846e11bf15ffCAS | 21339284PubMed |
Carter, F., Rings, F., Mamo, S., Holker, M., Kuzmany, A., Besenfelder, U., Havlicek, V., Mehta, J., Tesfaye, D., Schellander, K., and Lonergan, P. (2010). Effect of elevated circulating progesterone concentration on bovine blastocyst development and global transcriptome following endoscopic transfer of in vitro-produced embryos to the bovine oviduct. Biol. Reprod. 83, 707–719.
| Effect of elevated circulating progesterone concentration on bovine blastocyst development and global transcriptome following endoscopic transfer of in vitro-produced embryos to the bovine oviduct.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtlGlsrfF&md5=ebe7ce372fc067fe585e777f0f15cc0bCAS | 20631399PubMed |
Casida, L. E., Chapman, A. B., and Rupel, I. W. (1935). Ovarian development in calves. J. Agric. Res. 50, 953–960.
Casida, L. E., Woody, C. O., and Pope, A. L. (1966). Inequality in function of right and left ovaries and uterine horns of ewe. J. Anim. Sci. 25, 1169–1171.
| 1:STN:280:DyaF2s7ot1SitQ%3D%3D&md5=4f193020986fc10e13e93ad82ae07e1dCAS | 5971965PubMed |
Chagas e Silva, J., and Lopes da Costa, L. L. (2005). Luteotrophic influence of early bovine embryos and the relationship between plasma progesterone concentrations and embryo survival. Theriogenology 64, 49–60.
| Luteotrophic influence of early bovine embryos and the relationship between plasma progesterone concentrations and embryo survival.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXltVGkt7c%3D&md5=848c17a8c73164b01bb38d7aaaccb1e7CAS | 15935842PubMed |
Chagas e Silva, J., Lopes da Costa, L., and Robalo Silva, J. (2002). Plasma progesterone profiles and factors affecting embryo-fetal mortality following embryo transfer in dairy cattle. Theriogenology 58, 51–59.
| Plasma progesterone profiles and factors affecting embryo-fetal mortality following embryo transfer in dairy cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XkslGitb0%3D&md5=66956d9368f14e902cc84aab6559bf4eCAS | 12182364PubMed |
Clark, M. M., Ham, M., and Galef, B. G., (1994). Differences in the sex ratios of offspring originating in the right and left ovaries of Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). J. Reprod. Fertil. 101, 393–396.
| Differences in the sex ratios of offspring originating in the right and left ovaries of Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK2M%2Fhslymtg%3D%3D&md5=3dc624a317d8a3a82cce564df387391bCAS | 7932374PubMed |
Díez, C., Bermejo-Alvarez, P., Trigal, B., Caamano, J. N., Muñoz, M., Molina, I., Gutierrez-Adan, A., Carrocera, S., Martin, D., and Gomez, E. (2009). Changes in testosterone or temperature during the in vitro oocyte culture do not alter the sex ratio of bovine embryos. J. Exp. Zool. Part A. Ecol. Genet. Physiol. 311A, 448–452.
| Changes in testosterone or temperature during the in vitro oocyte culture do not alter the sex ratio of bovine embryos.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Echternkamp, S. E., Cushman, R. A., and Allan, M. F. (2009). Size of ovulatory follicles in cattle expressing multiple ovulations naturally and its influence on corpus luteum development and fertility. J. Anim. Sci. 87, 3556–3568.
| Size of ovulatory follicles in cattle expressing multiple ovulations naturally and its influence on corpus luteum development and fertility.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtlentLvL&md5=b68f02a7670ac3c46445b3a683a92fb4CAS | 19684271PubMed |
Endo, A., Goto, T., and Sakai, N. (1987). Distribution by sex of mouse fetuses in the intrauterine position. Gamete Res. 16, 79–82.
| Distribution by sex of mouse fetuses in the intrauterine position.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaL1M7lsValsg%3D%3D&md5=ce2796fd15a29f27596058a8763a22b1CAS | 3506901PubMed |
Forde, N., Carter, F., Fair, T., Crowe, M. A., Evans, A. C., Spencer, T. E., Bazer, F. W., McBride, R., Boland, M. P., O’Gaora, P., Lonergan, P., and Roche, J. F. (2009). Progesterone-regulated changes in endometrial gene expression contribute to advanced conceptus development in cattle. Biol. Reprod. 81, 784–794.
| Progesterone-regulated changes in endometrial gene expression contribute to advanced conceptus development in cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtFyhsLbM&md5=b886d18b83f7eafebec7bdb868eac690CAS | 19553605PubMed |
Forde, N., Carter, F., Spencer, T. E., Bazer, F. W., Sandra, O., Mansouri-Attia, N., Okumu, L. A., Gettigan, P. A., Mehta, J. P., McBride, R., O’Gaora, P., Roche, J. F., and Lonergan, P. (2011). Conceptus-induced changes in the endometrial transcriptome: how soon does the cow know she is pregnant? Biol. Reprod. 85, 144–156.
| Conceptus-induced changes in the endometrial transcriptome: how soon does the cow know she is pregnant?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXotFOlsL4%3D&md5=11f719f39ba17575fcafd885e45e10b9CAS | 21349821PubMed |
Forde, N., Mehta, J. P., Minten, M., Crowe, M. A., Roche, J. F., Spencer, T. E., and Lonergan, P. (2012). Effects of low progesterone on the endometrial transcriptome in cattle. Biol. Reprod. , .
| Effects of low progesterone on the endometrial transcriptome in cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23034158PubMed |
Gao, H., Wu, G., Spencer, T. E., Johnson, G. A., and Bazer, F. W. (2009). Select nutrients in the ovine uterine lumen. VI. Expression of FK506-binding protein 12-rapamycin complex-associated protein 1 (FRAP1) and regulators and effectors of mTORC1 and mTORC2 complexes in ovine uteri and conceptuses. Biol. Reprod. 81, 87–100.
| Select nutrients in the ovine uterine lumen. VI. Expression of FK506-binding protein 12-rapamycin complex-associated protein 1 (FRAP1) and regulators and effectors of mTORC1 and mTORC2 complexes in ovine uteri and conceptuses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXnslaqsr4%3D&md5=76a5d408c4524817687a885537ed0da2CAS | 19299312PubMed |
Giraldo, A. M., Hylan, D., Bondioli, K. R., and Godke, R. A. (2010). Distribution of sexes within the left and right uterine horns of cattle. Theriogenology 73, 496–500.
| Distribution of sexes within the left and right uterine horns of cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3c7hs1KqsA%3D%3D&md5=e577a9713b8b3fee855ce7a32937f6deCAS | 19962748PubMed |
Gómez, E., Gutierrez-Adán, A., Díez, C., Bermejo-Álvarez, P., Muñoz, M., Rodríguez, A., Otero, J., Álvarez-Viejo, M., Martín, D., Carrocera, S., and Caamano, J. N. (2009). Biological differences between in vitro-produced bovine embryos and parthenotes. Reproduction 137, 285–295.
| Biological differences between in vitro-produced bovine embryos and parthenotes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19036952PubMed |
Gómez, E., Caamaño, J. N., Corrales, F. J., Díez, C., Correia-Álvarez, E., Martín, D., Trigal, B., Carrocera, S., Mora, M. I., Pello-Palma, J., Moreno, J. F., and Muñoz, M. (2013). Embryonic sex induces differential expression of proteins in bovine uterine fluid. J. Proteome Res. 12, 1199–1210.
| Embryonic sex induces differential expression of proteins in bovine uterine fluid.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23379789PubMed |
Grant, V. J., and Irwin, R. J. (2005). Follicular fluid steroid levels and subsequent sex of bovine embryos. J. Exp. Zool. 303A, 1120–1125.
| Follicular fluid steroid levels and subsequent sex of bovine embryos.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXht1KrtbvN&md5=2b171a81cd71889c1f16542ba8080f7fCAS |
Grant, V. J., Irwin, R. J., Standley, N. T., Shelling, A. N., and Chamley, L. W. (2008). Sex of bovine embryos may be related to mothers’ preovulatory follicular testosterone. Biol. Reprod. 78, 812–815.
| Sex of bovine embryos may be related to mothers’ preovulatory follicular testosterone.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXltVOgu7k%3D&md5=ff595efac59afd7889959bac2a431768CAS | 18184920PubMed |
Greve, T. (1980). Bovine egg transplantation. Superovulation, non-surgical recoveries and transfers. Nord. Vet. Med. 32, 513–522.
| 1:STN:280:DyaL3M7pvVyiug%3D%3D&md5=ba5166f281ec544571ab122b3b8a4257CAS | 7232136PubMed |
Hasty, L. A., Brockman, W. W., Lambris, J. D., and Lyttle, C. R. (1993). Hormonal regulation of complement factor B in human endometrium. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. 30, 63–67.
| 1:STN:280:DyaK2c7ksFGkuw%3D%3D&md5=5f96c78edd2d59ddad226c70abdfc7a7CAS | 8311932PubMed |
Henning, W. L. (1939). Prenatal and postnatal sex ratio in sheep. J. Agric. Res. 58, 565–580.
Hidalgo, C. O., Gomez, E., Prieto, L., Duque, P., Goyache, F., Fernandez, L., Fernandez, I., Facal, N., and Díez, C. (2004). Pregnancy rates and metabolic profiles in cattle treated with propylene glycol prior to embryo transfer. Theriogenology 62, 664–676.
| Pregnancy rates and metabolic profiles in cattle treated with propylene glycol prior to embryo transfer.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXltF2rsrc%3D&md5=edc8baa6d625061abff60bddae0654beCAS | 15226021PubMed |
Holm, P., Booth, P. J., Schmidt, M. H., Greve, T., and Callesen, H. (1999). High bovine blastocyst development in a static in vitro production system using SOFaa medium supplemented with sodium citrate and myo-inositol with or without serum proteins. Theriogenology 52, 683–700.
| High bovine blastocyst development in a static in vitro production system using SOFaa medium supplemented with sodium citrate and myo-inositol with or without serum proteins.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c7pvVGnsw%3D%3D&md5=bda1bd1463ad693633a4028a58f68438CAS | 10734366PubMed |
Hugentobler, S. A., Humpherson, P. G., Leese, H. J., Sreenan, J. M., and Morris, D. G. (2008). Energy substrates in bovine oviduct and uterine fluid and blood plasma during the oestrous cycle. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 75, 496–503.
| Energy substrates in bovine oviduct and uterine fluid and blood plasma during the oestrous cycle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhs1Crsrw%3D&md5=816a2c32d42da64c218660038e88c21fCAS | 17926343PubMed |
Hugentobler, S. A., Sreenan, J. M., Humpherson, P. G., Leese, H. J., Diskin, M. G., and Morris, D. G. (2010). Effects of changes in the concentration of systemic progesterone on ions, amino acids and energy substrates in cattle oviduct and uterine fluid and blood. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 22, 684–694.
| Effects of changes in the concentration of systemic progesterone on ions, amino acids and energy substrates in cattle oviduct and uterine fluid and blood.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXjvF2isLY%3D&md5=3b613adb9726d0a177f46ff72b904e8aCAS | 20353728PubMed |
Hylan, D., Giraldo, A. M., Carter, J. A., Gentry, G. T., Bondioli, K. R., and Godke, R. A. (2009). Sex ratio of bovine embryos and calves originating from the left and right ovaries. Biol. Reprod. 81, 933–938.
| Sex ratio of bovine embryos and calves originating from the left and right ovaries.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtlWrtrzP&md5=c66f36e2874091007600ddc253898e4cCAS | 19587332PubMed |
Kastelic, J. P., Bergfelt, D. R., and Ginther, O. J. (1990). Relationship between ultrasonic assessment of the corpus luteum and plasma progesterone concentrations in heifers. Theriogenology 33, 1269–1278.
| Relationship between ultrasonic assessment of the corpus luteum and plasma progesterone concentrations in heifers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXisVSrsro%3D&md5=015199d25a072a22a31f51c0582d926eCAS |
Kidder, H. E., Barrett, G. R., and Casida, L. E. (1952). A study of ovulations in six families of Holstein–Friesians. J. Dairy Sci. 35, 436–444.
| A study of ovulations in six families of Holstein–Friesians.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Koch, J. M., Ramadoss, J., and Magness, R. R. (2010). Proteomic profile of uterine luminal fluid from early-pregnant ewes. J. Proteome Res. 9, 3878–3885.
| Proteomic profile of uterine luminal fluid from early-pregnant ewes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXovVCitrs%3D&md5=0ab034d123d7eb3de3399dbff72e45aaCAS | 20578732PubMed |
Larsson, B. (1986). Transperitoneal migration of spermatozoa in heifers. Zentralbl. Veterinarmed. A 33, 714–718.
| 1:STN:280:DyaL2s%2Fps1amtw%3D%3D&md5=030a6b591f2d42bbd5d5a73e94be5a88CAS | 3099516PubMed |
Larsson, B., and Larsson, K. (1985). Distribution of spermatozoa in the genital tract of artificially inseminated heifers. Acta Vet. Scand. 26, 385–395.
| 1:STN:280:DyaL287lsFajug%3D%3D&md5=0df0f5d8b88081ad3c8d66ec9a1b2919CAS | 4096322PubMed |
Ledgard, A. M., Lee, R. S., and Peterson, A. J. (2009). Bovine endometrial legumain and TIMP-2 regulation in response to presence of a conceptus. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 76, 65–74.
| Bovine endometrial legumain and TIMP-2 regulation in response to presence of a conceptus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhsFemtL3P&md5=6c5baddf558875ed7872b1ffd6a2922bCAS | 18449874PubMed |
Ledgard, A. M., Berg, M. C., McMillan, W. H., Smolenski, G., and Peterson, A. J. (2012). Effect of asynchronous transfer on bovine embryonic development and relationship with early cycle uterine proteome profiles. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 24, 962–972.
| Effect of asynchronous transfer on bovine embryonic development and relationship with early cycle uterine proteome profiles.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC38bisl2rtg%3D%3D&md5=1eadccc146d53205a835ebf29f18567dCAS | 22935157PubMed |
López-Gatius, F. (1997). Transuterine sperm transport is not affected by bilateral asymmetry of the reproductive system in dairy cows. Theriogenology 47, 1319–1325.
| Transuterine sperm transport is not affected by bilateral asymmetry of the reproductive system in dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16728079PubMed |
McGowan, E. M., Weinberger, R. P., Graham, J. D., Hill, H. D., Hughes, J. A., O’Neill, G. M., and Clarke, C. L. (2003). Cytoskeletal responsiveness to progestins is dependent on progesterone receptor A levels. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 31, 241–253.
| Cytoskeletal responsiveness to progestins is dependent on progesterone receptor A levels.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXos1Grtb8%3D&md5=d2f6bd65f938baf7cef0e9f00006959bCAS | 14519093PubMed |
McMillan, W. H., and Peterson, A. J. (1999). Transuterine embryo migration in recipient cattle. Theriogenology 51, 1577–1586.
| Transuterine embryo migration in recipient cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c7ptFChug%3D%3D&md5=77456286d4686beb575f4e5acebf05feCAS | 10729084PubMed |
Muñoz, M., Corrales, F. J., Caamano, J. N., Díez, C., Trigal, B., Mora, M. I., Martin, D., Carrocera, S., and Gomez, E. (2012). Proteome of the early embryo–maternal dialogue in the cattle uterus. J. Proteome Res. 11, 751–766.
| Proteome of the early embryo–maternal dialogue in the cattle uterus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22148898PubMed |
Parrish, J. J., Susko-Parrish, J. L., Leibfried-Rutledge, M. L., Critser, E. S., Eyestone, W. H., and First, N. L. (1986). Bovine in vitro fertilization with frozen–thawed semen. Theriogenology 25, 591–600.
| Bovine in vitro fertilization with frozen–thawed semen.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD283pvV2itQ%3D%3D&md5=8f90bc5634b3ac116cbe7847d340e62cCAS | 16726150PubMed |
Perkins, J. R., Olds, D., and Seath, D. (1954). A study of 1,000 bovine genitalia. J. Dairy Sci. 37, 1158–1163.
| A study of 1,000 bovine genitalia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pierson, R. A., and Ginther, O. J. (1987). Follicular populations during the oestrous cycle in heifers.II. Influence of right and left sides and intraovarian effect of the corpus luteum. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 14, 177–186.
| Follicular populations during the oestrous cycle in heifers.II. Influence of right and left sides and intraovarian effect of the corpus luteum.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rajakoski, E. (1960). The ovarian follicular system in sexually mature heifers with special reference to seasonal, cyclical and left–right variations. Acta Endocrinol. Suppl. (Copenh.) 34, 1–68.
Reece, R., and Turner, W. (1938). The functional activity of the right and left bovine ovary. J. Dairy Sci. 21, 37–39.
| The functional activity of the right and left bovine ovary.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rosenfeld, C. S. (2012). Periconceptional influences on offspring sex ratio and placental responses. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 24, 45–58.
| Periconceptional influences on offspring sex ratio and placental responses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Scanlon, P. F. (1972). Frequency of transuterine migration of embryos in ewes and cows. J. Anim. Sci. 34, 791–794.
| 1:STN:280:DyaE387ntVaqug%3D%3D&md5=90e1efb2359b0d9d3ae58534c3a530deCAS | 5022487PubMed |
Scotchie, J. G., Fritz, M. A., Mocanu, M., Lessey, B. A., and Young, S. L. (2009). Proteomic analysis of the luteal endometrial secretome. Reprod. Sci. 16, 883–893.
| Proteomic analysis of the luteal endometrial secretome.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtFagu7fK&md5=3987d54f7fcc47168157bf55d1e3f525CAS | 19494364PubMed |
Taneja, G. C. (1959). Observations on foetal losses in goat. Indian Vet. J. 36, 439–441.
Thatcher, W. W., Bazer, F. W., Sharp, D. C., and Roberts, R. M. (1986). Interrelationships between uterus and conceptus to maintain corpus luteum function in early pregnancy: sheep, cattle, pigs and horses. J. Anim. Sci. 62, 25–46.
| 3533874PubMed |
Trigal, B., Gómez, E., Caamano, J., Muñoz, M., Moreno, J., Carrocera, S., Martín, D., and Díez, C. (2012). In vitro and in vivo quality of bovine embryos in vitro produced with sex-sorted sperm. Theriogenology 78, 1465–1475.
| In vitro and in vivo quality of bovine embryos in vitro produced with sex-sorted sperm.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC38bhs1enuw%3D%3D&md5=50ff4f4b25c394a99cbc8d7b440950a9CAS | 22925642PubMed |
Tse, P. K., Lee, Y. L., Chow, W. N., Luk, J. M., Lee, K. F., and Yeung, W. S. (2008). Preimplantation embryos cooperate with oviductal cells to produce embryotrophic inactivated complement-3b. Endocrinology 149, 1268–1276.
| Preimplantation embryos cooperate with oviductal cells to produce embryotrophic inactivated complement-3b.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXisVaqtLs%3D&md5=b5114485f3e4bf82ae3ed745a0c5d7cdCAS | 18039777PubMed |
Vázquez, I., Molina, A., Mazón, M., Brito, J., and Soto, R. (1993). Determinación del estado reproductivo del ganado bovino sacrificado en tres rastros municipales del estado de Guerrero. Veterinaria (Mex) 24, 155–157.
Waters, S. M., Coyne, G. S., Kenny, D. A., Machugh, D. E., and Morris, D. G. (2012). Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation alters the expression of genes involved in the control of fertility in the bovine uterine endometrium. Physiol. Genomics 44, 878–888.
| Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation alters the expression of genes involved in the control of fertility in the bovine uterine endometrium.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhvVGms7bO&md5=65c18d872b34d63117cfcc68d2d4068aCAS | 22851761PubMed |
Westphal, U., Firschein, H. E., and Pearce, E. M. (1956). Transport of cortisol-4–C14 and progesterone-4–C14 by serum proteins as demonstrated by paper electrophoresis and paper chromatography. Am. J. Physiol. 185, 54–60.
| 1:CAS:528:DyaG28XmtVGmuw%3D%3D&md5=5ba42e4b5d00f326d356bacafeb7aebaCAS | 13313745PubMed |
