14 EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN EQUINE SPERMATOZOA DURING CRYOPRESERVATION: A PRELIMINARY STUDY

Abstract

The use of cryopreserved semen for insemination of mares facilitates breeding management but often results in reduced conception rates. This has been mainly attributed to changes in sperm membrane function caused by the freezing-thawing procedure. However, semen processing may also contribute to epigenetic changes in spermatozoa. In the present study, we therefore addressed changes in sperm DNA-methylation induced by cryopreservation of stallion semen. We hypothesised that the cryoprotectant may influence the DNA-methylation level of frozen-thawed semen. For this purpose, semen was collected from fertile Shetland pony stallions. Global DNA-methylation was assessed by ELISA (5-mC DNA ELISA Kit, Zymo Research, Irvine, CA, USA) with a monoclonal antibody sensitive and specific for 5-methylcytosin after DNA extraction and denaturation (100 ng of DNA per sample). The level of 5-methylcytosin in DNA is reported as the amount of methylated cytosine relative to the cytosine genomic content (%). Statistical analysis was done with the SPSS Statistics 21 software. Values are means ± standard error of the mean. In Experiment 1, 1.5 mL of raw semen (n = 6 stallions, 1 ejaculate each) was shock-frozen at –196°C for 15 min and thawed at 38°C for 60 s. Semen motility and membrane integrity were completely absent, while DNA-methylation was similar in raw (0.4 ± 0.2%) and shock-frozen (0.3 ± 0.1%) semen (not significant). In Experiment 2, 3 ejaculates per stallion (n = 6) were included. Semen quality and DNA-methylation was assessed before addition of the freezing extender and after freezing-thawing with either Ghent (Minitube, Tiefenbach, Germany; cryoprotectant: 5% glycerol) or BotuCrio (Nidacon, Mölndal, Sweden; cryoprotectants: 1% glycerol and 4% methylformamid) extender. Semen was frozen in 0.5-mL straws in a computer-controlled rate freezer (IceCube 14 M; Sylab, Purkersdorf, Austria, cooling rates: 20°C to 5°C: 0.3°C min^–1, 5°C to 25°C: 10°C min^–1, –25°C to –140°C: 25°C min^–1). Semen motility, morphology, and membrane integrity were significantly reduced (e.g. total motility before freezing: 88.8 ± 1.4%) by cryopreservation but not influenced by the extender used (e.g. total motility: Ghent 69.5 ± 2.0, BotuCrio 68.4 ± 2.2%; P < 0.001 v. nonfrozen semen). Cryopreservation significantly (P < 0.01) increased the level of DNA-methylation (before freezing: 0.6 ± 0.1%, Ghent 6.4 ± 3.7, BotuCrio 4.4 ± 1.5%; P < 0.01), but no differences between the freezing extenders were seen. The level of DNA-methylation was not correlated with semen motility, morphology, or membrane integrity. The results demonstrate that semen processing for cryopreservation increases the DNA-methylation level in stallion semen. In the present study, this effect occurred irrespective of the cryoprotectant but was not seen after shock-freezing in the absence of cryoprotectants. The reduced fertility of mares after insemination with frozen-thawed semen may at least in part be explained by methylation of sperm DNA, which occurs in response to the cryopreservation procedure.