New functions for old factors: the role of polyamines during the establishment of pregnancy
Jane C. Fenelon
A C and Bruce D. Murphy B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia.
B Centre de recherché en reproduction et fertilité, Faculté de médicine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 2M2, Canada.
C Corresponding author. Email: fenelonj@unimelb.edu.au
Reproduction, Fertility and Development 31(7) 1228-1239 https://doi.org/10.1071/RD18235
Submitted: 21 June 2018 Accepted: 1 October 2018 Published: 13 November 2018
Abstract
Implantation is essential for the establishment of a successful pregnancy, and the preimplantation period plays a significant role in ensuring implantation occurs in a timely and coordinated manner. This requires effective maternal–embryonic signalling, established during the preimplantation period, to synchronise development. Although multiple factors have been identified as present during this time, the exact molecular mechanisms involved are unknown. Polyamines are small cationic molecules that are ubiquitously expressed from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. Despite being first identified over 300 years ago, their essential roles in cell proliferation and growth, including cancer, have only been recently recognised, with new technologies and interest resulting in rapid expansion of the polyamine field. This review provides a summary of our current understanding of polyamine synthesis, regulation and function with a focus on recent developments demonstrating the requirements for polyamines during the establishment of pregnancy up to the implantation stage, in particular the role of polyamines in the control of embryonic diapause and the identification of an alternative pathway for their synthesis in sheep pregnancy. This, along with other novel discoveries, provides new insights into the control of the peri-implantation period in mammals and highlights the complexities that exist in regulating this critical period of pregnancy.
Additional keywords: blastocyst, comparative reproduction, diapause, implantation, uterus.
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