Sperm cryopreservation: current status and future developments
Alena Hungerford
A * , Hassan W. Bakos A B and Robert John Aitken A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, Life Sciences Building, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
B Monash IVF Group, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Reproduction, Fertility and Development 35(3) 265-281 https://doi.org/10.1071/RD22219
Published online: 16 December 2022
© 2023 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)
Abstract
The cryopreservation of spermatozoa is an important reproductive technology for the preservation of fertility in man and animals. Since the serendipitous discovery of glycerol as an effective cryoprotectant in 1947, sperm cryopreservation has undergone many changes in terms of the freezing methods employed, the rates at which samples are frozen and thawed, and the media used to preserve sperm functionality and DNA integrity. An extensive literature survey has been conducted addressing the cryoprotectants employed for both animal and human semen and the freezing protocols utilised. The results indicate that glycerol remains the dominant cryoprotective agent, usually incorporated into a balanced salt solution containing energy substrates, buffers, osmolytes and protein in the form of human serum albumin (human) or skimmed milk (animal). Realisation that some of the damage observed in cryostored cells involves the generation of reactive oxygen species during the thawing process, has prompted many studies to assess the relative merits of incorporating antioxidants into the cryopreservation media. However, in the absence of systematic comparisons, there is currently no consensus as to which antioxidant combination might be the most effective. Utilising our fundamental understanding of cryodamage to optimise cryopreservation protocols for each species will be important in the future.
Keywords: antioxidant, cryopreservation, glycerol, infertility, motility, post-thaw, programmable freezing, reactive oxygen species, spermatozoa, vapour.
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