Synthesis of leukotrienes in porcine uteri with endometritis induced by infection with Escherichia coli
Barbara Jana A C , Joanna Czarzasta A and Jerzy Jaroszewski B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Division of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
B Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
C Corresponding author. Email: b.jana@pan.olsztyn.pl
Reproduction, Fertility and Development 26(7) 1007-1016 https://doi.org/10.1071/RD13191
Submitted: 18 June 2013 Accepted: 29 June 2013 Published: 8 August 2013
Abstract
Leukotrienes (LTs) are lipid mediators that play a significant role in the inflammatory process. Their production in inflamed uteri is not fully understood. The present experiment aimed to determine LTB4 and LTC4 amounts, 5-lipooxygenase (5-LO), LTA4 hydrolase (LTAH) and LTC4 synthase (LTCS) mRNA levels and protein expression in inflamed porcine uteri. On Day 3 of the oestrous cycle (Day 0 of the study), either Escherichia coli suspension or saline were infused into uterine horns. Collection of uterine tissues and washings took place eight or sixteen days later. In gilts suffering from endometritis increased LTB4 and LTC4 levels in the endometrium and washings and 5-LO mRNA levels in the myometrium on Days 8 and 16, 5-LO protein levels in the endometrium and myometrium on Day 8, LTAH mRNA and protein levels in the endometrium and myometrium on Days 8 and 16, respectively. Although LTCS mRNA and protein expression in the myometrium and LTCS protein expression in the endometrium were enhanced on Day 16 after Escherichia coli inoculation, LTCS mRNA levels decreased on Day 8 in both tissues. Our study shows the upregulation of LT production in inflamed porcine uteri, which suggests the importance of these factors to the process of uterine inflammation.
Additional keywords: bacteria, inflammation, leukotriene production, pigs, uterine tissues.
References
Capra, V. (2004). Molecular and functional aspects of human cysteinyl leukotriene receptors. Pharmacol. Res. 50, 1–11.| Molecular and functional aspects of human cysteinyl leukotriene receptors.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXjtVCgsrs%3D&md5=66088232cdf021e923d44b52bd3722e1CAS | 15082024PubMed |
Dahlén, S. E., Bjork, J., Hedqvist, P., Arfors, K. E., Hammarstrom, S., Lindgren, J. A., and Samuelsson, B. (1981). Leukotrienes promote plasma leakage and leukocyte adhesion in postcapillary venules: in vivo effects with relevance to the acute inflammatory response. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78, 3887–3891.
| Leukotrienes promote plasma leakage and leukocyte adhesion in postcapillary venules: in vivo effects with relevance to the acute inflammatory response.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 6267608PubMed |
de Winter, P. J. J., Verdonck, M., de Kruif, A., Devriese, L. A., and Haesebrouck, F. (1995). Bacterial endometritis and vaginal discharge in the sow: prevalence of different bacterial species and experimental reproduction of the syndrome. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 37, 325–335.
| Bacterial endometritis and vaginal discharge in the sow: prevalence of different bacterial species and experimental reproduction of the syndrome.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dheda, K., Huggett, J. F., Bustin, S. A., Johnson, M. A., Rook, G., and Zumla, A. (2004). Validation of housekeeping genes for normalizing RNA expression in real-time PCR. BioTechniques 37, 112–119.
| 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXlvVagtrg%3D&md5=3130142037409166114194bf43a0f3c3CAS | 15283208PubMed |
DiMeo, D., Tian, J., Zhang, J., Narushima, S., and Berg, D. J. (2008). Increased interleukin-10 production and Th2 skewing in the absence of 5-lipoxygenase. Immunology 123, 250–262.
| 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhvF2htbk%3D&md5=0ac7115a22aa9337364fe8de097b94c0CAS | 17894798PubMed |
Edwin, S. S., LaMarche, S. L., Thai, D., Branch, D. W., and Mitchell, M. D. (1993). 5-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid biosynthesis by gestational tissues: effects of inflammatory cytokines. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 169, 1467–1471.
| 5-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid biosynthesis by gestational tissues: effects of inflammatory cytokines.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXlt1elug%3D%3D&md5=e7f24b382d94823b34d6be3dea26ca6eCAS | 8267048PubMed |
Gabler, C., Drillich, M., Fischer, C., Holder, C., Heuwieser, W., and Einspanier, R. (2009). Endometrial expression of selected transcripts involved in prostaglandin synthesis in cows with endometritis. Theriogenology 71, 993–1004.
| Endometrial expression of selected transcripts involved in prostaglandin synthesis in cows with endometritis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXivVWltb4%3D&md5=a3b70f40d099814d4e18fac701671999CAS | 19162311PubMed |
García-Lafuente, A., Antolín, M., Guarner, F., Vilaseca, J., and Malagelada, J. R. (1996). Bacterial peptides enhance inflammatory activity in a rat model of colitis. Digestion 57, 368–373.
| Bacterial peptides enhance inflammatory activity in a rat model of colitis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 8886582PubMed |
Graupera, M., García-Pagán, J. C., Titos, E., Claria, J., Massaguer, A., Bosch, J., and Rodés, J. (2002). 5-lipoxygenase inhibition reduces intrahepatic vascular resistance of cirrhotic rat livers: a possible role of cysteinyl-leukotrienes. Gastroenterology 122, 387–393.
| 5-lipoxygenase inhibition reduces intrahepatic vascular resistance of cirrhotic rat livers: a possible role of cysteinyl-leukotrienes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XhsVGns7g%3D&md5=bf70bde17ccdb0a94206b8f33075e8b1CAS | 11832453PubMed |
Herath, S., Fischer, D. P., Werling, D., Williams, E. J., Lilly, S. T., Dobson, H., Bryant, C. E., and Sheldon, I. M. (2006). Expression and function of Toll-like receptor 4 in the endometrial cells of the uterus. Endocrinology 147, 562–570.
| Expression and function of Toll-like receptor 4 in the endometrial cells of the uterus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XptFKq&md5=f6e1aef400694b9fe49536639ba79d43CAS | 16223858PubMed |
Herath, S., Lilly, S. T., Santos, N. R., Gilbert, R. O., Goetze, L., Bryant, C. E., White, J. O., Cronin, J., and Sheldon, I. M. (2009). Expression of genes associated with immunity in the endometrium of cattle with disparate postpartum uterine disease and fertility. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 7, 55.
| Expression of genes associated with immunity in the endometrium of cattle with disparate postpartum uterine disease and fertility.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19476661PubMed |
Hsieh, F. H., Lam, B. K., Penrose, J. F., Austen, K. F., and Boyce, J. A. (2001). T helper cell type 2 cytokines coordinately regulate immunoglobulin E-dependent cysteinyl leukotriene production by human cord blood-derived mast cells: profound induction of leukotriene C(4) synthase expression by interleukin 4. J. Exp. Med. 193, 123–134.
| T helper cell type 2 cytokines coordinately regulate immunoglobulin E-dependent cysteinyl leukotriene production by human cord blood-derived mast cells: profound induction of leukotriene C(4) synthase expression by interleukin 4.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjtVSgsQ%3D%3D&md5=970d253986057885971c61396a71e984CAS | 11136826PubMed |
Jana, B., Kozłowska, A., Andronowska, A., and Jedlińska-Krakowska, M. (2008). The effect of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 on chorioamnion secretion of prostaglandins (PG)F2α and E2 in pigs. Reprod. Biol. 8, 57–68.
| The effect of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 on chorioamnion secretion of prostaglandins (PG)F2α and E2 in pigs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18432307PubMed |
Jana, B., and Andronowska, A. (2012). Expression of nerve growth factor and its receptors in the uterus of gilts with endometritis induced by infection with Escherichia coli. J. Comp. Pathol. 147, 522–532.
| Expression of nerve growth factor and its receptors in the uterus of gilts with endometritis induced by infection with Escherichia coli.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XntVSlt7s%3D&md5=dc5832f71cc0cc5c648470daee1d140dCAS | 22578332PubMed |
Jana, B., Andronowska, A., and Kucharski, J. (2000). Nitric oxide mediates an inflammatory effect of Escherichia coli in the porcine uterus. Pol. J. Vet. Sci. 4, 207–212.
Jana, B., Kucharski, J., Jedlińska-Krakowska, M., and Wolińska-Witort, E. (2005). The effect of intrauterine infusion of inflammation-provoking factors on pro-inflammatory cytokines and hormones in rat peripheral blood. Pol. J. Vet. Sci. 8, 275–282.
| 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XisFClsrg%3D&md5=a43d8cc3bfd289e18f04925d6d0b66bbCAS | 16385851PubMed |
Jana, B., Kucharski, J., Dzienis, A., and Deptuła, K. (2007). Changes in prostaglandin production and ovarian function in gilts during endometritis induced by Escherichia coli infection. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 97, 137–150.
| Changes in prostaglandin production and ovarian function in gilts during endometritis induced by Escherichia coli infection.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtF2qu7rE&md5=d42e27725d39120ff8432f4de647d5b4CAS | 16473483PubMed |
Jana, B., Kozłowska, A., Koszykowska, M., and Majewski, M. (2009). Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in the inflammatory changed porcine uterus. Pol. J. Vet. Sci. 12, 1–8.
| 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXptV2gsLw%3D&md5=bb1e16c61a3df1f0ffa279d34809908aCAS | 19459433PubMed |
Jana, B., Jaroszewski, J., Czarzasta, J., and Markiewicz, W. (2013). Synthesis of prostacyclin and its effect on the contractile activity of the inflamed porcine uterus. Theriogenology 79, 470–485.
| Synthesis of prostacyclin and its effect on the contractile activity of the inflamed porcine uterus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xhsl2ju7vO&md5=c4ed0d7c28760350d418b28c95ce7368CAS | 23218395PubMed |
Jupp, J., Hillier, K., Elliott, D. H., Fine, D. R., Bateman, A. C., Johnson, P. A., Cazaly, A. M., Penrose, J. F., and Sampson, A. P. (2007). Colonic expression of leukotriene-pathway enzymes in inflammatory bowel diseases. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 13, 537–546.
| Colonic expression of leukotriene-pathway enzymes in inflammatory bowel diseases.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17230539PubMed |
Leite, A. C., Cunha, F. Q., Dal-Secco, D., Fukada, S. Y., Girão, V. C., and Rocha, F. A. (2009). Effects of nitric oxide on neutrophil influx depends on the tissue: role of leukotriene B4 and adhesion molecules. Br. J. Pharmacol. 156, 818–825.
| Effects of nitric oxide on neutrophil influx depends on the tissue: role of leukotriene B4 and adhesion molecules.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXlt1Oru7Y%3D&md5=a49c87feb08124f7610cffcc2fb13c99CAS | 19220287PubMed |
Lewis, G. S. (2004). Steroidal regulation of uterine immune defences. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 82–83, 281–294.
| Steroidal regulation of uterine immune defences.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15271460PubMed |
Livak, K. J., and Schmittgen, T. D. (2001). Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2ΔΔCT method. Methods 25, 402–408.
| Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2ΔΔCT method.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XhtFelt7s%3D&md5=9cad4ff7133d540452bb50aaaa4ededfCAS | 11846609PubMed |
López Bernal, A., Hansell, D. J., Khong, T. Y., Keeling, J. W., and Turnbull, A. C. (1990). Placental leukotriene B4 release in early pregnancy and in term and preterm labour. Early Hum. Dev. 23, 93–99.
| Placental leukotriene B4 release in early pregnancy and in term and preterm labour.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 2175261PubMed |
Majewski, M., and Heym, C. (1991). The origin of ovarian neuropeptide Y (NPY)-immunoreactive nerve fibres from the inferior mesenteric ganglion in the pig. Cell Tissue Res. 266, 591–596.
| The origin of ovarian neuropeptide Y (NPY)-immunoreactive nerve fibres from the inferior mesenteric ganglion in the pig.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK383kvVKmtA%3D%3D&md5=00173fbc6985e1c50ac68a02c2c1d146CAS | 1687453PubMed |
Mateus, L., Lopes da Costa, L., Diniz, P., and Ziecik, A. J. (2003). Relationship between endotoxin and prostaglandin (PGE2 and PGFM) concentrations and ovarian function in dairy cows with puerpertal endometritis. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 76, 143–154.
| Relationship between endotoxin and prostaglandin (PGE2 and PGFM) concentrations and ovarian function in dairy cows with puerpertal endometritis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXhtVCgt7s%3D&md5=274791af90947ad508b87ec92e97cb33CAS | 12586488PubMed |
Mitchell, M. D., and Grzybowski, C. F. (1987). Arachidonic acid metabolism by lipoxygenase pathways in intrauterine tissues of women at term of pregnancy. Prostaglandins Leukot. Med. 28, 303–312.
| Arachidonic acid metabolism by lipoxygenase pathways in intrauterine tissues of women at term of pregnancy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXlt1Oqs7Y%3D&md5=c6f835a3a30ba3880f91b48eca45667cCAS | 2821550PubMed |
Montero, A., Nassar, G. M., Uda, S., Munger, K. A., and Badr, K. F. (2000). Reciprocal regulation of LTA(4) hydrolase expression in human monocytes by gamma-interferon and interleukins 4 and 13: potential relevance to leukotriene regulation in glomerular disease. Exp. Nephrol. 8, 258–265.
| Reciprocal regulation of LTA(4) hydrolase expression in human monocytes by gamma-interferon and interleukins 4 and 13: potential relevance to leukotriene regulation in glomerular disease.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXmsl2qt7w%3D&md5=56e2a6d588fbe24f1e5af5047e67db8aCAS | 10940725PubMed |
Motohashi, E., Kawauchi, H., Endo, H., Kondo, H., Kitasato, H., Kuramoto, H., Majima, M., Unno, N., and Hayashi, I. (2005). Regulatory expression of lipoxin A4 receptor in physiologically estrus cycle and pathologically endometriosis. Biomed. Pharmacother. 59, 330–338.
| Regulatory expression of lipoxin A4 receptor in physiologically estrus cycle and pathologically endometriosis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXmvVGisLw%3D&md5=408bbfb5fa28fb1726d33fd5a6a8f273CAS | 15996849PubMed |
Pakrasi, P. L., Becka, R., and Day, S. K. (1985). Cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways in the preimplantation rabbit uterus and blastocyst. Prostaglandins 29, 481–495.
| Cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways in the preimplantation rabbit uterus and blastocyst.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL2MXhs1Wis74%3D&md5=8e26353db3d28e60b012706a275a0ab7CAS | 3923564PubMed |
Pérez-Novo, C. A., Claeys, C., Van Zele, T., Holtapples, G., Van Cauwenberge, P., and Bachert, C. (2006). Eicosanoid metabolism and eosinophilic inflammation in nasal polyp patients with immune response to Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins. Am. J. Rhinol. 20, 456–460.
| Eicosanoid metabolism and eosinophilic inflammation in nasal polyp patients with immune response to Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16955779PubMed |
Peter, A. T., Bosu, W. T. K., and Luker, C. W. (1987). Plasma endotoxin and concentrations of stable metabolites of prostacyclin, tromboxane A2 and prostaglandin E2 in postpartum dairy cows. Prostaglandins 34, 15–24.
| Plasma endotoxin and concentrations of stable metabolites of prostacyclin, tromboxane A2 and prostaglandin E2 in postpartum dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXmtlCju70%3D&md5=b7d6ba3b89f1f7ac397b20cb9fb4728aCAS | 3317515PubMed |
Qiu, H., Gabrielsen, A., Agardh, H. E., Wan, M., Wetterholm, A., Wong, C. H., Hedin, U., Swedenborg, J., Hansson, G. K., Samuelsson, B., Paulsson-Berne, G., and Haeggström, J. Z. (2006). Expression of 5-lipoxygenase and leukotriene A4 hydrolase in human atherosclerotic lesions correlates with symptoms of plaque instability. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 8161–8166.
| Expression of 5-lipoxygenase and leukotriene A4 hydrolase in human atherosclerotic lesions correlates with symptoms of plaque instability.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xlt1ChtLw%3D&md5=65b9c0aa7089766d86e4e367fc2439a8CAS | 16698924PubMed |
Rinaldo-Matthis, A., and Haeggström, J. Z. (2010). Structures and mechanisms of enzymes in the leukotriene cascade. Biochimie 92, 676–681.
| Structures and mechanisms of enzymes in the leukotriene cascade.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXmslGhtb0%3D&md5=2effb0c00c5489e6fa1e9a1a1119cfe5CAS | 20097252PubMed |
Romero, R., Wu, Y. K., Mazor, M., Oyarzun, E., Hobbins, J. C., and Mitchell, M. D. (1989). Amniotic fluid arachidonate lypoxygenase metabolites in preterm labour. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 36, 69–75.
| Amniotic fluid arachidonate lypoxygenase metabolites in preterm labour.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXktFyht7o%3D&md5=c801a7fc4ebcb6830be7aad75ed0d700CAS | 2788288PubMed |
Serio, K. J., Luo, C., Luo, L., and Mao, J. T. (2007). TNF-alpha downregulates the leukotriene C4 synthase gene in mononuclear phagocytes. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 292, L215–L222.
| TNF-alpha downregulates the leukotriene C4 synthase gene in mononuclear phagocytes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXisFGjt70%3D&md5=19ea7cae2bf91e130fb9f5ced4045f34CAS | 16980379PubMed |
Shao, W. H., Del Prete, A., Bock, C. B., and Haribabu, B. (2006). Targeted disruption of leukotriene B4 receptors BLT1 and BLT2: a critical role for BLT1 in collagen-induced arthritis in mice. J. Immunol. 176, 6254–6261.
| 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XktVWnsro%3D&md5=c98bf22af3415faaffc46288bb61493bCAS | 16670336PubMed |
Shao, C. Y., Wang, H., Meng, X., Zhu, J. Q., Wu, Y. Q., and Li, J. J. (2012). Characterisation of the innate immune response in goats after intrauterine infusion of E. coli using histopathological, cytologic and molecular analyses. Theriogenology 78, 593–604.
| Characterisation of the innate immune response in goats after intrauterine infusion of E. coli using histopathological, cytologic and molecular analyses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xmt1Grur8%3D&md5=523978691b81bac680c1a307827f1728CAS | 22541320PubMed |
Shim, Y. M., Zhu, Z., Zheng, T., Lee, C. G., Homer, R. J., Ma, B., and Elias, J. A. (2006). Role of 5-lipoxygenase in IL-13-induced pulmonary inflammation and remodelling. J. Immunol. 177, 1918–1924.
| 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XmvFCls7Y%3D&md5=c99a1d0b16c6d95e25da3eb135ab86b2CAS | 16849505PubMed |
Shin, E. H., Lee, H. Y., and Bae, Y. S. (2006). Leukotriene B4 stimulates human monocyte-derived dendritic cell chemotaxis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 348, 606–611.
| Leukotriene B4 stimulates human monocyte-derived dendritic cell chemotaxis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xot1ait74%3D&md5=3a469b59322d69c3cdf05f3c17f942edCAS | 16889750PubMed |
Singh, V. P., Patil, C. S., Jain, N. K., Singh, A., and Kulkarni, S. K. (2003). Effect of nimesulide on acetic acid- and leukotriene-induced inflammatory bowel disease in rats. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 71, 163–175.
| Effect of nimesulide on acetic acid- and leukotriene-induced inflammatory bowel disease in rats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXlvFOrsLY%3D&md5=4a8898ee524a0167761d6cd25ca89446CAS | 14518559PubMed |
Ticconi, C., Zicari, A., Pontieri, G., Salerno, A., Mauri, A., Piccione, E., and Pasetto, N. (1995). Release of arachidonic acid metabolites by human fetal membranes: interrelationship between leukotriene B4 and prostaglandin E2. Prostaglandins 49, 197–204.
| Release of arachidonic acid metabolites by human fetal membranes: interrelationship between leukotriene B4 and prostaglandin E2.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXmsFehu7Y%3D&md5=bdd42c51f45f98dcec675515ff1a3ffbCAS | 7667502PubMed |
Tummaruk, P., Tantasuparuk, W., Techakumphu, M., and Kunavongkrit, A. (2010). Influence of repeat-service and weaning-to-first-service interval on farrowing proportion of gilts and sows. Prev. Vet. Med. 96, 194–200.
| Influence of repeat-service and weaning-to-first-service interval on farrowing proportion of gilts and sows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20591517PubMed |
Vagnoni, K. E., Abbruzzese, S. B., Christiansen, N. D., and Holyoak, G. R. (2001). The influence of the oestrous cycle on sheep endometrial tissue response to lipopolysaccharide. J. Anim. Sci. 79, 463–469.
| 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjsFCntr8%3D&md5=5bfaf07c95b9c52586e0509611bdcd6dCAS | 11219456PubMed |
Wang, J. L., Ren, Z. Y., Xia, J. B., Huang, S., Qi, M. H., Wang, L. M., and Ye, J. (2011). The mechanism of airway inflammation in eosinophilic bronchitis and cough variant asthma. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi 34, 433–437.
| 21781515PubMed |
Yokomizo, T., Kato, K., Terawaki, K., Izumi, T., and Shimizu, T. (2000). A second leukotriene B(4) receptor, BLT2. A new therapeutic target in inflammation and immunological disorders. J. Exp. Med. 192, 421–432.
| A second leukotriene B(4) receptor, BLT2. A new therapeutic target in inflammation and immunological disorders.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXlsFygt7c%3D&md5=3f702aaa34ad7a42ba4a34a5bc292ab2CAS | 10934230PubMed |
Yudina, Y., Parhamifar, L., Bengtsson, A. M., Juhas, M., and Sjölander, A. (2008). Regulation of the eicosanoid pathway by tumour necrosis factor alpha and leukotriene D4 in intestinal epithelial cells. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 79, 223–231.
| Regulation of the eicosanoid pathway by tumour necrosis factor alpha and leukotriene D4 in intestinal epithelial cells.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhsVKrtLfK&md5=3d415a89519ea2b1f6c77824f71a6effCAS | 19042113PubMed |
Zaitsu, M., Hamasaki, Y., Matsuo, M., Kukita, A., Tsuji, K., Miyazaki, M., Hayasaki, R., Muro, E., Yamamoto, S., Kobayashi, I., Ichimaru, T., Kohashi, O., and Miyazaki, S. (2000). New induction of leukotriene A(4) hydrolase by interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Blood 96, 601–609.
| 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXltVGhurk%3D&md5=9a52b03997e7ae88f670c5b7d34e0191CAS | 10887124PubMed |
