Effects of treatment with human chorionic gonadotrophin or intravaginal progesterone-releasing device after AI on circulating progesterone concentrations in lactating dairy cows
A. B. Nascimento A , A. H. Souza A B , J. N. Guenther A , F. P. Dalla Costa A , R. Sartori C and M. C. Wiltbank A D
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Deapartment of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
B Accelerated Genetics, E10890 Penny Lane, Baraboo, WI 53913, USA.
C Animal Science Department, University of Sao Paulo, ESALQ, Piracicaba, SP 13418-260, Brazil.
D Corresponding author. Email: wiltbank@wisc.edu
Reproduction, Fertility and Development 25(5) 818-824 https://doi.org/10.1071/RD12104
Submitted: 3 April 2012 Accepted: 4 July 2012 Published: 12 October 2012
Abstract
Adequate circulating progesterone (P4) is important for pregnancy. Lactating dairy cattle have lower circulating P4, particularly when smaller follicles are ovulated during timed AI protocols. The aim of the present study was to determine the supplementation strategy that resulted in P4 concentrations in lactating dairy cattle similar to those in heifers. Lactating Holstein cows (n = 61) were synchronised using the Double-Ovsynch method and, on Day 5, were randomly assigned to receive no treatment (control), controlled internal drug release (CIDR), human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG; 3300 IU) or CIDR+hCG. Heifers after normal oestrus were followed as controls (n = 10). Profiles of circulating P4 concentrations were compared using repeated-measures ANOVA. Heifers had greater P4 concentrations than control cows at all times after Day 5 (P < 0.0001). Cows receiving CIDR had lower P4 concentrations than heifers (P = 0.0037) on Days 8–16. Treatment with hCG generally caused ovulation and resulted in circulating P4 concentrations greater than those in control lactating cows by 3 days after treatment (Day 8 after AI), but the treatment × time interaction (P = 0.01) showed that cows treated with hCG generally had lower P4 concentrations than heifers. Supplementation with CIDR+hCG resulted in P4 concentration profiles similar to those in heifers. Thus, the use of CIDR and the production of an accessory corpus luteum with hCG elevates P4 concentrations in lactating cows to those seen in heifers. This information may be useful for designing future trials into P4 supplementation and fertility.
Additional keywords : corpus luteum, CIDR, hCG, heifers, Holstein, lactating cows, metabolism, ovulation.
References
Arndt, W. J., Holle, A. J., Bauer, M. L., Kirsch, J. D., Schimek, D. E., Odde, K. G., and Vonnahme, K. A. (2009). Effect of post-insemination progesterone supplementation on pregnancy rate in dairy cows. Can. J. Vet. Res. 73, 271–274.| 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsVeqs73I&md5=aa282990ee2322734d3cf9e147508668CAS | 20046628PubMed |
Bisinotto, R. S., and Santos, J. E. (2012). The use of endocrine treatments to improve pregnancy rates in cattle. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 24, 258–266.
| The use of endocrine treatments to improve pregnancy rates in cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bulman, D. C., and Lamming, G. E. (1978). Milk progesterone levels in relation to conception, repeat breeding and factors influencing acyclicity in dairy cows. J. Reprod. Fertil. 54, 447–458.
| Milk progesterone levels in relation to conception, repeat breeding and factors influencing acyclicity in dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE1MXosVCgsQ%3D%3D&md5=06aae22f6ae49236fe15d6df66b2c1baCAS | 722692PubMed |
Carter, F., Forde, N., Duffy, P., Wade, M., Fair, T., Crowe, M. A., Evans, A. C., Kenny, D. A., Roche, J. F., and Lonergan, P. (2008). Effect of increasing progesterone concentration from Day 3 of pregnancy on subsequent embryo survival and development in beef heifers. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 20, 368–375.
| Effect of increasing progesterone concentration from Day 3 of pregnancy on subsequent embryo survival and development in beef heifers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXjtVKksLg%3D&md5=e1afc82c08a49f458d14763e608c74b6CAS | 18402756PubMed |
Cerri, R. L., Rutigliano, H. M., Chebel, R. C., and Santos, J. E. (2009). Period of dominance of the ovulatory follicle influences embryo quality in lactating dairy cows. Reproduction 137, 813–823.
| Period of dominance of the ovulatory follicle influences embryo quality in lactating dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXovVKgtbw%3D&md5=4693e53ecedb8f14be88e7df31e1bda0CAS | 19204087PubMed |
Dobson, H., Ribadu, A. Y., Noble, K. M., Tebble, J. E., and Ward, W. R. (2000). Ultrasonography and hormone profiles of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)-induced persistent ovarian follicles (cysts) in cattle. J. Reprod. Fertil. 120, 405–410.
| 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXovVaju7Y%3D&md5=744c927cb3dfe7f5b3e4de3f71c2ed86CAS | 11058457PubMed |
Gümen, A., and Wiltbank, M. C. (2005). Length of progesterone exposure needed to resolve large follicle anovular condition in dairy cows. Theriogenology 63, 202–218.
| Length of progesterone exposure needed to resolve large follicle anovular condition in dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15589285PubMed |
Gümen, A., Guenther, J. N., and Wiltbank, M. C. (2003). Follicular size and response to Ovsynch versus detection of estrus in anovular and ovular lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 86, 3184–3194.
| Follicular size and response to Ovsynch versus detection of estrus in anovular and ovular lactating dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 14594238PubMed |
Hanlon, D. W., Jarratt, G. M., Davidson, P. J., Millar, A. J., and Douglas, V. L. (2005). The effect of hCG administration five days after insemination on the first service conception rate of anestrous dairy cows. Theriogenology 63, 1938–1945.
| The effect of hCG administration five days after insemination on the first service conception rate of anestrous dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXjt1Kjtb8%3D&md5=b0fee3fd9d990fa5c3bfa444f5927206CAS | 15823350PubMed |
Helmer, S. D., and Britt, J. H. (1986). Fertility of dairy cattle treated with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to stimulate progesterone secretion. Theriogenology 26, 683–695.
| Fertility of dairy cattle treated with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to stimulate progesterone secretion.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXksVWrsw%3D%3D&md5=1b32d56bb9adb1ae9af6047761d5f424CAS | 16726235PubMed |
Herlihy, M. M., Crowe, M. A., Diskin, M. G., and Butler, S. T. (2012). Effects of synchronization treatments on ovarian follicular dynamics, corpus luteum growth, and circulating steroid hormone concentrations in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 95, 743–754.
| Effects of synchronization treatments on ovarian follicular dynamics, corpus luteum growth, and circulating steroid hormone concentrations in lactating dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhsFSntbo%3D&md5=88f23020ea7600bdd2fe2e58f830f2c8CAS | 22281339PubMed |
Kendall, N. R., Flint, A. P., and Mann, G. E. (2009). Incidence and treatment of inadequate postovulatory progesterone concentrations in repeat breeder cows. Vet. J. 181, 158–162.
| Incidence and treatment of inadequate postovulatory progesterone concentrations in repeat breeder cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXls1KgtLg%3D&md5=1709253b8987edcc7bf287afb497196aCAS | 18620878PubMed |
Larson, S. F., Butler, W. R., and Currie, W. B. (1997). Reduced fertility associated with low progesterone postbreeding and increased milk urea nitrogen in lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 80, 1288–1295.
| Reduced fertility associated with low progesterone postbreeding and increased milk urea nitrogen in lactating cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXks1Ogsr4%3D&md5=d368949579e6f7aa3aeeb8cf3d066e47CAS | 9241591PubMed |
Larson, S. F., Butler, W. R., and Currie, W. B. (2007). Pregnancy rates in lactating dairy cattle following supplementation of progesterone after artificial insemination. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 102, 172–179.
| Pregnancy rates in lactating dairy cattle following supplementation of progesterone after artificial insemination.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXpvF2ksbg%3D&md5=94aaccc962ac5a6a8c9a272c521b7433CAS | 17433581PubMed |
Lima, J. R., Rivera, F. A., Narciso, C. D., Oliveira, R., Chebel, R. C., and Santos, J. E. (2009). Effect of increasing amounts of supplemental progesterone in a timed artificial insemination protocol on fertility of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 92, 5436–5446.
| Effect of increasing amounts of supplemental progesterone in a timed artificial insemination protocol on fertility of lactating dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtlKnsrbJ&md5=cc16ef0c89bca8af74e8e2a596ee64faCAS | 19841206PubMed |
Lonergan, P. (2011). Influence of progesterone on oocyte quality and embryo development in cows. Theriogenology 76, 1594–1601.
| Influence of progesterone on oocyte quality and embryo development in cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhsVanurzI&md5=00677e609909220c3280bc1a6437fed6CAS | 21855985PubMed |
Lonergan, P., Woods, A., Fair, T., Carter, F., Rizos, D., Ward, F., Quinn, K., and Evans, A. (2007). Effect of embryo source and recipient progesterone environment on embryo development in cattle. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 19, 861–868.
| Effect of embryo source and recipient progesterone environment on embryo development in cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtVWhtrzK&md5=05607a4924d776639a6d1b6f51527ce6CAS | 17897589PubMed |
Lopez, H., Satter, L. D., and Wiltbank, M. C. (2004). Relationship between level of milk production and estrous behavior of lactating dairy cows. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 81, 209–223.
| Relationship between level of milk production and estrous behavior of lactating dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhsleltrw%3D&md5=a0f8797213c6316b46455696186a8b44CAS | 14998648PubMed |
López-Gatius, F., Santolaria, P., Yániz, J., Fenech, M., and López-Béjar, M. (2002). Risk factors for postpartum ovarian cysts and their spontaneous recovery or persistence in lactating dairy cows. Theriogenology 58, 1623–1632.
| Risk factors for postpartum ovarian cysts and their spontaneous recovery or persistence in lactating dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12374132PubMed |
Lucy, M. C. (2001). Reproductive loss in high-producing dairy cattle: where will it end? J. Dairy Sci. 84, 1277–1293.
| Reproductive loss in high-producing dairy cattle: where will it end?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXktlKhu7Y%3D&md5=cb6b19cd06ce5cb9d19272f5a5918b6fCAS | 11417685PubMed |
Lucy, M. C. (2007). Fertility in high-producing dairy cows: reasons for decline and corrective strategies for sustainable improvement. Soc. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl. 64, 237–254.
| 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2s3otlKitg%3D%3D&md5=ea432b0868ed47a627d9b5151bbfd696CAS | 17491151PubMed |
Mann, G., and Lamming, G. (1999). The influence of progesterone during early pregnancy in cattle. Reprod. Domest. Anim. 34, 269–274.
| The influence of progesterone during early pregnancy in cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXls1Knu7Y%3D&md5=64de86e5e05f4edf4a9518df09c931e9CAS |
McNeill, R. E., Diskin, M. G., Sreenan, J. M., and Morris, D. G. (2006). Associations between milk progesterone concentration on different days and with embryo survival during the early luteal phase in dairy cows. Theriogenology 65, 1435–1441.
| Associations between milk progesterone concentration on different days and with embryo survival during the early luteal phase in dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xis1Srsbs%3D&md5=6ef39ad16eb03482526acd1c0e0eaafcCAS | 16207495PubMed |
Norman, H. D., Hutchison, J. L., and VanRaden, P. M. (2011). Evaluations for service-sire conception rate for heifer and cow inseminations with conventional and sexed semen. J. Dairy Sci. 94, 6135–6142.
| Evaluations for service-sire conception rate for heifer and cow inseminations with conventional and sexed semen.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhsFClsbvE&md5=b3cfe5be4dbe61a08e6deb3e563466dfCAS | 22118101PubMed |
NRC (2001). Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. 7th rev. ed. (National Academy of Sciences: Washington, DC).
Pursley, J. R., Mee, M. O., and Wiltbank, M. C. (1995). Synchronization of ovulation in dairy cows using PGF2α and GnRH. Theriogenology 44, 915–923.
| Synchronization of ovulation in dairy cows using PGF2α and GnRH.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXpvFymu7w%3D&md5=adc07b2b8f1c1e7b8b39ef736240b80fCAS | 16727787PubMed |
Pursley, J. R., and Martins, J. P. (2012). Impact of circulating concentrations of progesterone and antral age of the ovulatory follicle on fertility of high-producing lactating dairy cows. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 24, 267–271.
| Impact of circulating concentrations of progesterone and antral age of the ovulatory follicle on fertility of high-producing lactating dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pursley, J. R., Wiltbank, M. C., Stevenson, J. S., Ottobre, J. S., Garverick, H. A., and Anderson, L. L. (1997). Pregnancy rates per artificial insemination for cows and heifers inseminated at a synchronized ovulation or synchronized estrus. J. Dairy Sci. 80, 295–300.
| Pregnancy rates per artificial insemination for cows and heifers inseminated at a synchronized ovulation or synchronized estrus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXhsVWgtLo%3D&md5=1e20c9a5b587cfebb44c27bd14f33450CAS | 9058270PubMed |
Rajamahendran, R., and Sianangama, P. C. (1992). Effect of human chorionic gonadotrophin on dominant follicles in cows: formation of accessory corpora lutea, progesterone production and pregnancy rates. J. Reprod. Fertil. 95, 577–584.
| Effect of human chorionic gonadotrophin on dominant follicles in cows: formation of accessory corpora lutea, progesterone production and pregnancy rates.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK38Xlt1Cru7k%3D&md5=590334cd41df3a68a9f8b3447f874dd5CAS | 1518012PubMed |
Rhodes, F. M., McDougall, S., Morgan, S. R., and Verkerk, G. A. (2001). Supplementing treated anoestrous dairy cows with progesterone does not increase conception rates. N. Z. Vet. J. 49, 8–12.
| Supplementing treated anoestrous dairy cows with progesterone does not increase conception rates.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXitFOju7w%3D&md5=d095d0ad7a0e370f4b90873ec73451beCAS | 16032155PubMed |
Robinson, N. A., Leslie, K. E., and Walton, J. S. (1989). Effect of treatment with progesterone on pregnancy rate and plasma concentrations of progesterone in Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 72, 202–207.
| Effect of treatment with progesterone on pregnancy rate and plasma concentrations of progesterone in Holstein cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXht1ykt7c%3D&md5=4ac1ef28d21d0da16b258eb7d2cfcdd1CAS | 2925946PubMed |
Rutigliano, H. M., Lima, F. S., Cerri, R. L., Greco, L. F., Vilela, J. M., Magalhaes, V., Silvestre, F. T., Thatcher, W. W., and Santos, J. E. (2008). Effects of method of presynchronization and source of selenium on uterine health and reproduction in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 91, 3323–3336.
| Effects of method of presynchronization and source of selenium on uterine health and reproduction in dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtFamsrnK&md5=bbdc45e34c82c8d167749a1f7164b02fCAS | 18765591PubMed |
Sangsritavong, S., Combs, D. K., Sartori, R., Armentano, L. E., and Wiltbank, M. C. (2002). High feed intake increases liver blood flow and metabolism of progesterone and estradiol-17beta in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 85, 2831–2842.
| High feed intake increases liver blood flow and metabolism of progesterone and estradiol-17beta in dairy cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xptlagsbc%3D&md5=36ebb08794e316f80bd79dfb459530a7CAS | 12487450PubMed |
Santos, J. E., Thatcher, W. W., Pool, L., and Overton, M. W. (2001). Effect of human chorionic gonadotropin on luteal function and reproductive performance of high-producing lactating Holstein dairy cows. J. Anim. Sci. 79, 2881–2894.
| 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXptVaksLw%3D&md5=c6ee07c463beece2444fbd33f8654a86CAS | 11768118PubMed |
Sartori, R., Rosa, G. J., and Wiltbank, M. C. (2002). Ovarian structures and circulating steroids in heifers and lactating cows in summer and lactating and dry cows in winter. J. Dairy Sci. 85, 2813–2822.
| Ovarian structures and circulating steroids in heifers and lactating cows in summer and lactating and dry cows in winter.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xptlagsbk%3D&md5=a01801d16917b633898a42d1d8495983CAS | 12487448PubMed |
Sartori, R., Haughian, J. M., Shaver, R. D., Rosa, G. J., and Wiltbank, M. C. (2004). Comparison of ovarian function and circulating steroids in estrous cycles of Holstein heifers and lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 87, 905–920.
| Comparison of ovarian function and circulating steroids in estrous cycles of Holstein heifers and lactating cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXivFyru78%3D&md5=a3911794f7030de0882992ef6a5ac9ceCAS | 15259225PubMed |
Schmitt, E. J., Barros, C. M., Fields, P. A., Fields, M. J., Diaz, T., Kluge, J. M., and Thatcher, W. W. (1996). A cellular and endocrine characterization of the original and induced corpus luteum after administration of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist or human chorionic gonadotropin on day five of the estrous cycle. J. Anim. Sci. 74, 1915–1929.
| 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XltVSgu7s%3D&md5=4127caa73a4b63d1f1a610af73041532CAS | 8856446PubMed |
Shelton, K., Gayerie De Abreu, M. F., Hunter, M. G., Parkinson, T. J., and Lamming, G. E. (1990). Luteal inadequacy during the early luteal phase of subfertile cows. J. Reprod. Fertil. 90, 1–10.
| Luteal inadequacy during the early luteal phase of subfertile cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXjs1Wmsg%3D%3D&md5=8b09167ad231dfd533f67b2d7b0bbf9cCAS | 2231531PubMed |
Silva del Rio, N. S., Kirkpatrick, B. W., and Fricke, P. M. (2006). Observed frequency of monozygotic twinning in Holstein dairy cattle. Theriogenology 66, 1292–1299.
| Observed frequency of monozygotic twinning in Holstein dairy cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Souza, A. H., Ayres, H., Ferreira, R. M., and Wiltbank, M. C. (2008). A new presynchronization system (Double-Ovsynch) increases fertility at first postpartum timed AI in lactating dairy cows. Theriogenology 70, 208–215.
| A new presynchronization system (Double-Ovsynch) increases fertility at first postpartum timed AI in lactating dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXnt1Ois7c%3D&md5=c59c3933b075ad4e082ff54074bb0635CAS | 18468675PubMed |
Spencer, T. E., Johnson, G. A., Bazer, F. W., Burghardt, R. C., and Palmarini, M. (2007). Pregnancy recognition and conceptus implantation in domestic ruminants: roles of progesterone, interferons and endogenous retroviruses. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 19, 65–78.
| Pregnancy recognition and conceptus implantation in domestic ruminants: roles of progesterone, interferons and endogenous retroviruses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xhtleitr%2FN&md5=ded67bbb11f0be523427f9f38ef29c6aCAS | 17389136PubMed |
Spencer, T. E., Sandra, O., and Wolf, E. (2008). Genes involved in conceptus–endometrial interactions in ruminants: insights from reductionism and thoughts on holistic approaches. Reproduction 135, 165–179.
| Genes involved in conceptus–endometrial interactions in ruminants: insights from reductionism and thoughts on holistic approaches.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXit1yrtL4%3D&md5=70f57bdd36a14c692f0988d9f759c822CAS | 18239047PubMed |
Starbuck, G. R., Darwash, A. O., Mann, G. E., and Lamming, G. E. (2001). The detection and treatment of post-insemination progesterone insufficiency in dairy cows. In ‘Fertility in the High-Producing Dairy Cow. Vol. 26’. (Ed. M. G. Diskin.) pp. 447–450. (British Society of Animal Science, Occasional Publication: Liverpool.)
Sterry, R. A., Welle, M. L., and Fricke, P. M. (2006). Treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone after first timed artificial insemination improves fertility in noncycling lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 89, 4237–4245.
| Treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone after first timed artificial insemination improves fertility in noncycling lactating dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtFensrbM&md5=5fb1defbf32165afd6ad4604bc44c6d1CAS | 17033010PubMed |
Stevenson, J. S., and Mee, M. O. (1991). Pregnancy rates of Holstein cows after postinsemination treatment with a progesterone-releasing intravaginal device. J. Dairy Sci. 74, 3849–3856.
| Pregnancy rates of Holstein cows after postinsemination treatment with a progesterone-releasing intravaginal device.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK38%2FpvVyjsw%3D%3D&md5=13d803cb5a7838fe4be75bb3c20849f1CAS | 1757625PubMed |
Stevenson, J. S., Portaluppi, M. A., Tenhouse, D. E., Lloyd, A., Eborn, D. R., Kacuba, S., and DeJarnette, J. M. (2007). Interventions after artificial insemination: conception rates, pregnancy survival, and ovarian responses to gonadotropin-releasing hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin, and progesterone. J. Dairy Sci. 90, 331–340.
| Interventions after artificial insemination: conception rates, pregnancy survival, and ovarian responses to gonadotropin-releasing hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin, and progesterone.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXmsFSlsw%3D%3D&md5=9a600cc6f9f1ca8ec50d8e995a3d04a7CAS | 17183101PubMed |
Stronge, A. J., Sreenan, J. M., Diskin, M. G., Mee, J. F., Kenny, D. A., and Morris, D. G. (2005). Post-insemination milk progesterone concentration and embryo survival in dairy cows. Theriogenology 64, 1212–1224.
| Post-insemination milk progesterone concentration and embryo survival in dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXpsVCgt7o%3D&md5=fe3597e9aceeac8d12c4befc00500153CAS | 16125563PubMed |
Vasconcelos, J. L., Sartori, R., Oliveira, H. N., Guenther, J. G., and Wiltbank, M. C. (2001). Reduction in size of the ovulatory follicle reduces subsequent luteal size and pregnancy rate. Theriogenology 56, 307–314.
| Reduction in size of the ovulatory follicle reduces subsequent luteal size and pregnancy rate.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3Mvjt1ymtA%3D%3D&md5=761216004a5ea34bd80eeb7bfdad288dCAS | 11480622PubMed |
Vasconcelos, J. L., Sa Filho, O. G., Justolin, P. L., Morelli, P., Aragon, F. L., Veras, M. B., and Soriano, S. (2011). Effects of postbreeding gonadotropin treatments on conception rates of lactating dairy cows subjected to timed artificial insemination or embryo transfer in a tropical environment. J. Dairy Sci. 94, 223–234.
| Effects of postbreeding gonadotropin treatments on conception rates of lactating dairy cows subjected to timed artificial insemination or embryo transfer in a tropical environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXjslCnt7k%3D&md5=e7af6f18aab7134b58874a678a4861d0CAS | 21183033PubMed |
Walton, J. S., Halbert, G. W., Robinson, N. A., and Leslie, K. E. (1990). Effects of progesterone and human chorionic gonadotrophin administration five days postinsemination on plasma and milk concentrations of progesterone and pregnancy rates of normal and repeat breeder dairy cows. Can. J. Vet. Res. 54, 305–308.
| 1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXktVWjtrg%3D&md5=6100491a41cd21ed025c2a8b8157aa8cCAS | 2379109PubMed |
Wiltbank, M., Lopez, H., Sartori, R., Sangsritavong, S., and Gumen, A. (2006). Changes in reproductive physiology of lactating dairy cows due to elevated steroid metabolism. Theriogenology 65, 17–29.
| Changes in reproductive physiology of lactating dairy cows due to elevated steroid metabolism.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXht1Gitr3M&md5=4389c579a0dd13e8fa4c4eb1bd0a8732CAS | 16290258PubMed |
Wiltbank, M. C., Sartori, R., Herlihy, M. M., Vasconcelos, J. L., Nascimento, A. B., Souza, A. H., Ayres, H., Cunha, A. P., Keskin, A., Guenther, J. N., and Gumen, A. (2011). Managing the dominant follicle in lactating dairy cows. Theriogenology 76, 1568–1582.
| Managing the dominant follicle in lactating dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3MbnvVCmsA%3D%3D&md5=186c9b5862d3cb86722d7e4ab3f61bb3CAS | 21958644PubMed |
Wiltbank, M. C., Souza, A. H., Carvalho, P. D., Bender, R. W., and Nascimento, A. B. (2012). Improving fertility to timed artificial insemination by manipulation of circulating progesterone concentrations in lactating dairy cattle. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 24, 238–243.
| Improving fertility to timed artificial insemination by manipulation of circulating progesterone concentrations in lactating dairy cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wolfenson, D., Inbar, G., Roth, Z., Kaim, M., Bloch, A., and Braw-Tal, R. (2004). Follicular dynamics and concentrations of steroids and gonadotropins in lactating cows and nulliparous heifers. Theriogenology 62, 1042–1055.
| Follicular dynamics and concentrations of steroids and gonadotropins in lactating cows and nulliparous heifers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXmt1Knu7g%3D&md5=7f7bfc81c3b86c3aa693320d2301b925CAS | 15289046PubMed |
