414 COLOR DOPPLER EVALUATION OF UMBILICAL BLOOD FLOW DURING PREGNANCY IN COWS
M. Panarace A , G. Jaúregui A , C. Garnil A , A. Segovia A , J. Gutiérrez A , J. J. Lagioia A , M. Marfil A , E. Rodríguez B and M. Medina AA Goyaike SAACIyF, Biotechnology Area, Carmen de Areco CC37, CP 6725, Buenos Aires, Argentina
B UNCPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Reproduction, Fertility and Development 19(1) 323-323 https://doi.org/10.1071/RDv19n1Ab414
Submitted: 12 October 2006 Accepted: 12 October 2006 Published: 12 December 2006
Abstract
There are few reports describing the use of Doppler for reproductive imaging in large animals; only one study (in mares) assessed umbilical blood flow (Bollwein et al. 2004 Theriogenology 61, 499–509). Conditions that constrict the placental vascular bed (i.e. hemorrhage, thrombosis, abnormal development, etc.) increase resistance to incoming blood. Thus, blood flow in umbilical arteries can be used to monitor placental development and function (Giles et al. 1985 Brit. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 92, 31–38). The objective of the present study was to characterize the Doppler flow velocity waveform in umbilical arteries of cows with apparently normal pregnancies. Twenty-three multiparous, nonlactating Aberdeen Angus cows with pregnancies achieved after transfer of embryos derived by IVF (n = 10) or multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) (n = 13) were examined weekly from 5 to 38 weeks of gestation. Ultrasonography (Toshiba Nemio 20, Tokyo, Japan) was done using a 5–10 MHz intraoperative finger transducer (transrectal) from 5 to 17 weeks of pregnancy and thereafter using a 3–6 MHz linear-array transducer (transabdominal). The interrogation angle (between the ultrasound beam and the artery) ranged from 45° to 60°. Three resistance indices were calculated: A/B ratio, Resistance Index (RI) = (A − B)/A, and Pulsatility Index (PI) = (A − B)/M. [A = systole, B = diastole, and M = mean maximum Doppler-Shift frequency over the cardiac cycle.] The mean ± SEM duration of pregnancy was 285 ± 1.6 days (range: 269 to 291 days). A repeated measure ANOVA was used to detect differences between groups for every week using the Wald-Wolfowitz test (InfoStat V1.5, FCA, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina). All 3 resistance indices decreased (by >50%) until 26 weeks, with no substantial change thereafter (Table 1). From 5 to 18 weeks of pregnancy, blood flow was characterized by a systolic pattern (i.e. high resistance with absence of diastolic flow); at 20 weeks, all fetuses had a diastolic flow, consistent with low resistance. There were differences (P < 0.05) between IVF- and MOET-derived pregnancies for RI and PI at 38 and 26 weeks of gestation, respectively, indicating differences in the placental vascular development at these weeks of gestation. In conclusion, umbilical cord blood flow in cattle was characterized by high resistance (5 weeks of gestation), but resistance decreased until 26 weeks; consequently, blood flow was initially systolic but became diastolic. Doppler sonography was useful for assessment of umbilical blood flow from 5 to 38 weeks of pregnancy, and may be useful for assessing placental function in pregnancies under risk, e.g. clone-derived pregnancies (Bertolini et al. 2002 Theriogenology 57, 181–187).
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