Skinks of Oceania, New Guinea, and Eastern Wallacea: an underexplored biodiversity hotspot
Alex Slavenko
A B , Allen Allison C , Christopher C. Austin D , Aaron M. Bauer E , Rafe M. Brown F , Robert N. Fisher G , Ivan Ineich H , Bulisa Iova I , Benjamin R. Karin J , Fred Kraus K , Sven Mecke L , Shai Meiri M , Clare Morrison N O , Paul M. Oliver N O , Mark O’Shea P , Jonathan Q. Richmond G , Glenn M. Shea Q R , Oliver J. S. Tallowin S and David G. Chapple T *
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Macroevolution and Macroecology Group, Fenner School of Environment & Society, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
B Cesar Australia, Brunswick, Vic. 3056, Australia.
C Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI 96817, USA.
D Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
E Department of Biology and Center for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stewardship, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA.
F Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology & Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66044, USA.
G U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, San Diego, CA 92101, USA.
H Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Université, École Pratique des Hautes Études, Université des Antilles, CNRS - CP 30, Paris 75005, France.
I Papua New Guinea National Museum and Art Gallery, Port Moresby H5FQ+PX8, Papua New Guinea.
J Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 9420, USA.
K Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
L Universitätssammlungen, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
M School of Zoology & The Steinahrdt Museum of Natural History, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel.
N Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Brisbane, Qld 4121, Australia.
O Biodiversity and Geosciences Program, Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Qld 4101, Australia.
P Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK.
Q Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
R Sydney School of Veterinary Science, B01, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
S IUCN Biodiversity Assessment and Knowledge Team, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK.
T School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic. 3800, Australia.
Pacific Conservation Biology 29(6) 526-543 https://doi.org/10.1071/PC22034
Submitted: 13 September 2022 Accepted: 27 November 2022 Published: 6 January 2023
© 2023 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)
Abstract
Context: Skinks comprise the dominant component of the terrestrial vertebrate fauna in Oceania, New Guinea, and Eastern Wallacea (ONGEW). However, knowledge of their diversity is incomplete, and their conservation needs are poorly understood.
Aims: To explore the diversity and threat status of the skinks of ONGEW and identify knowledge gaps and conservation needs.
Methods: We compiled a list of all skink species occurring in the region and their threat categories designated by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. We used available genetic sequences deposited in the National Center for Biotechnology Information’s GenBank to generate a phylogeny of the region’s skinks. We then assessed their diversity within geographical sub-divisions and compared to other reptile taxa in the region.
Key results: Approximately 300 species of skinks occur in ONGEW, making it the second largest global hotspot of skink diversity following Australia. Many phylogenetic relationships remain unresolved, and many species and genera are in need of taxonomic revision. One in five species are threatened with extinction, a higher proportion than almost all reptile families in the region.
Conclusions: ONGEW contain a large proportion of global skink diversity on <1% of the Earth’s landmass. Many are endemic and face risks such as habitat loss and invasive predators. Yet, little is known about them, and many species require taxonomic revision and threat level re-assessment.
Implications: The skinks of ONGEW are a diverse yet underexplored group of terrestrial vertebrates, with many species likely facing extreme risks in the near future. Further research is needed to understand the threats they face and how to protect them.
Keywords: islands, knowledge gaps, Melanesia, molecular phylogenetics, Oceania, regional threat assessment, Scincidae, Wallacea.
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