Marine and coastal ecosystem-based adaptation in Asia and Oceania: review of approaches and integration with marine spatial planning
Alyssa L. Giffin A E , Christopher J. Brown B , Johanna Nalau C , Brendan G. Mackey D and Rod M. Connolly AA Australian Rivers Institute – Coast & Estuaries, and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4222, Australia.
B Australian Rivers Institute – Coast & Estuaries, and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Qld 4111, Australia.
C Adaptation Science Group, Cities Research Institute (CRI), School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4222, Australia.
D Griffith Climate Change Response Program (GCCRP), Environmental Futures Research Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4222, Australia.
E Corresponding author. Email: alyssa.giffin@griffithuni.edu.au
Pacific Conservation Biology 27(2) 104-117 https://doi.org/10.1071/PC20025
Submitted: 27 February 2020 Accepted: 3 August 2020 Published: 7 September 2020
Journal Compilation © CSIRO 2021 Open Access CC BY-NC
Abstract
There is growing interest in using ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) to maintain or restore ecosystem services to increase human resilience to climate change. However, to date, the focus on EbA has been on conceptualising the approach and encouraging its use, rather than understanding EbA in practice. We review the EbA literature to synthesise where, why and how marine and coastal EbA projects have been implemented and examine how EbA has been integrated with marine spatial planning. We focus specifically on EbA projects in Asia and Oceania, where climate variability and dependence on marine and coastal ecosystems is high. Most projects were found in the grey literature, implemented in developing countries, and targeted extreme events and sea level rise. Mangroves, particularly mangrove restoration, was the most common ecosystem used, followed by coral reefs. EbA across ecosystems commonly targeted capacity building and livelihood enhancement, and maintenance of wildlife, alongside shoreline protection for mangroves and food security for coral reefs. Integrated EbA and marine spatial planning projects were participatory, implemented at local–regional scales, displayed adaptive management, and community-based or shared governance. Our research helps to build an understanding of EbA in practice and a knowledge base to assist coastal communities in adapting to climate change.
Additional keywords: Asia, climate change, ecosystem services, ecosystem-based adaptation, marine and coastal, marine spatial planning, Oceania.
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