Register      Login
Pacific Conservation Biology Pacific Conservation Biology Society
A journal dedicated to conservation and wildlife management in the Pacific region.
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Social and logistical challenges in managing invasive predators: insights from islands in Japan and New Zealand

Alistair S. Glen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7777-7630 A C and Kazuaki Hoshino B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.

B Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima City, Kagoshima Prefecture, 890-0065, Japan.

C Corresponding author. Email: glena@landcareresearch.co.nz

Pacific Conservation Biology 26(4) 344-352 https://doi.org/10.1071/PC19030
Submitted: 25 July 2019  Accepted: 21 March 2020   Published: 23 April 2020

Abstract

Managing the impacts of invasive predators on islands is a priority for conserving global biodiversity. However, large islands and islands with substantial human settlement present particular challenges that can be broadly categorised as social and logistical. Around the world, managers concerned with island biodiversity are tackling increasingly ambitious projects, and some examples from Japan and New Zealand have been at the forefront. We used dialogues with managers, researchers, and community members, as well as our respective experience as wildlife researchers in Japan and New Zealand, to compare the challenges faced by wildlife managers in each country. We note similarities and differences between the two countries, and identify lessons from each that will help advance invasive species management on islands globally. Our observations from Japan and New Zealand show that considerable progress has been made in managing invasive predators on large, inhabited islands. Further progress will require more effective engagement with island residents to promote the goals of invasive species management, to find common ground, and to ensure that management is socially and culturally acceptable.

Additional keywords: biological invasions, eradication, feral cat, mongoose, social issues.


References

Abe, S. (2013). Eradication project of invasive alien mongooses on Amami-Oshima Island, Japan. First Asia Park Congress, Sendei City, Japan.

Allen, R. B., and Lee, W. G. (Eds) (2006). ‘Biological Invasions in New Zealand.’ (Springer: Berlin.)

Baker, D. (2001). Cat curfew – Casey City Council. In ‘Proceedings of the 10th Urban Animal Management Conference’. (Ed. D. Murray.) (Australian Veterinary Association: Melbourne.) Available at: http://www.aiam.org.au/resources/Documents/2001%20UAM/PUB_Pro01_DaveBaker.pdf [accessed March 2020]

Barun, A., Hanson, C. C., Campbell, K. J., and Simberloff, D. (2011). A review of small Indian mongoose management and eradications on islands. In ‘Island Invasives: Eradication and Management’. (Eds C. R. Veitch, M. N. Clout, and D. R. Towns.) pp. 17–25. (IUCN: Gland, Switzerland & Auckland, New Zealand.)

BBC (2016). Fur flies over New Zealand cat ban. Available at: http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-36865776 [accessed 26 February 2018].

Beckerman, A. P., Boots, M., and Gaston, K. J. (2007). Urban bird declines and the fear of cats. Animal Conservation 10, 320–325.
Urban bird declines and the fear of cats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bissonnette, V., Lussier, B., Doizé, B., and Arsenault, J. (2018). Impact of a trap–neuter–return event on the size of free-roaming cat colonies around barns and stables in Quebec: a randomized controlled trial. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 82, 192–197.
| 30026643PubMed |

Blackie, H. M., MacKay, J. W. B., Allen, W. J., Smith, D. H. V., Barrett, B., Whyte, B. I., Murphy, E. C., Ross, J., Shapiro, L., Ogilvie, S., Sam, S., MacMorran, D., Inder, S., and Eason, C. T. (2014). Innovative developments for long‐term mammalian pest control. Pest Management Science 70, 345–351.
Innovative developments for long‐term mammalian pest control.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23943626PubMed |

Bomford, M., and O’Brien, P. (1995). Eradication or control for vertebrate pests? Wildlife Society Bulletin 23, 249–255.

Bonnington, C., Gaston, K. J., and Evans, K. L. (2013). Fearing the feline: domestic cats reduce avian fecundity through trait-mediated indirect effects that increase nest predation by other species. Journal of Applied Ecology 50, 15–24.
Fearing the feline: domestic cats reduce avian fecundity through trait-mediated indirect effects that increase nest predation by other species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bryce, R., Oliver, M. K., Davies, L., Gray, H., Urquhart, J., and Lambin, X. (2011). Turning back the tide of American mink invasion at an unprecedented scale through community participation and adaptive management. Biological Conservation 144, 575–583.
Turning back the tide of American mink invasion at an unprecedented scale through community participation and adaptive management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Butler, J. R. A., du Toit, J. T., and Bingham, J. (2004). Free-ranging domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) as predators and prey in rural Zimbabwe: threats of competition and disease to large wild carnivores. Biological Conservation 115, 369–378.
Free-ranging domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) as predators and prey in rural Zimbabwe: threats of competition and disease to large wild carnivores.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Buttriss, R. (2001). No cat zone – City of Kingston. In ‘Proceedings of the 10th Urban Animal Management Conference’. (Ed. D. Murray.) (Australian Veterinary Association: Melbourne.) Available at: http://www.ccac.net.au/files/No_cat_zone_Kingston%20_UAM01Buttriss.pdf [accessed March 2020]

Campbell, K. J., Harper, G., Algar, D., Hanson, C. C., Keitt, B. S., and Robinson, S. (2011). Review of feral cat eradications on islands. In ‘Island Invasives: Eradication and Management. Proceedings of the International Conference on Island Invasives’. (Eds C. R. Veitch, M. N. Clout, and D. R. Towns.) pp. 37–46. (IUCN: Gland, Switzerland & Auckland, New Zealand.)

Campbell, K. J., Beek, J., Eason, C. T., Glen, A. S., Godwin, J., Gould, F., Holmes, N. D., Howald, G. R., Madden, F. M., Ponder, J. B., Threadgill, D. W., Wegmann, A. S., and Baxter, G. S. (2015). The next generation of rodent eradications: innovative technologies and tools to improve species specificity and increase their feasibility on islands. Biological Conservation 185, 47–58.
The next generation of rodent eradications: innovative technologies and tools to improve species specificity and increase their feasibility on islands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Carter, A., Barr, S., Bond, C., Paske, G., Peters, D., and van Dam, R. (2016). Controlling sympatric pest mammal populations in New Zealand with self-resetting, toxicant-free traps: a promising tool for invasive species management. Biological Invasions 18, 1723–1736.
Controlling sympatric pest mammal populations in New Zealand with self-resetting, toxicant-free traps: a promising tool for invasive species management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Clout, M. N., and Russell, J. C. (2006). The eradication of mammals from New Zealand islands. In ‘Assessment and Control of Biological Invasion Risks’. (Eds F. Koike, M. N. Clout, M. Kawamichi, M. De Poorter, and K. Iwatsuki.) pp. 127–141. (IUCN: Gland, Switzerland.)

Dearden, P. K., Gemmell, N. J., Mercier, O. R., Lester, P. J., Scott, M. J., Newcomb, R. D., Buckley, T. R., Jacobs, J. M. E., Goldson, S. G., and Penman, D. R. (2017). The potential for the use of gene drives for pest control in New Zealand: a perspective. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 48, 225–244.

Dias, R. A., Abrahão, C. R., Micheletti, T., Mangini, P. R., de Oliveira Gasparotto, V. P., de Jesus Pena, H. F., Ferreira, F., Russell, J. C., and Silva, J. C. R. (2017). Prospects for domestic and feral cat management on an inhabited tropical island. Biological Invasions 19, 2339–2353.
Prospects for domestic and feral cat management on an inhabited tropical island.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Dickman, C. R. (1996). ‘Overview of the Impacts of Feral Cats on Australian Native Fauna.’ (Australian Nature Conservation Agency: Canberra.)

DIISE (2015). The Database of Island Invasive Species Eradications, developed by Island Conservation, Coastal Conservation Action Laboratory, UCSC, IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group, University of Auckland and Landcare Research, New Zealand. Available at: http://diise.islandconservation.org [accessed 1 May 2018].

Doherty, T. S., Glen, A. S., Nimmo, D. G., Ritchie, E. G., and Dickman, C. R. (2016). Invasive predators and global biodiversity loss. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113, 11261–11265.
Invasive predators and global biodiversity loss.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27638204PubMed |

Doherty, T. S., Dickman, C. R., Glen, A. S., Newsome, T. M., Nimmo, D. G., Ritchie, E. G., Vanak, A. T., and Wirsing, A. J. (2017). The global impacts of domestic dogs on threatened vertebrates. Biological Conservation 210, 56–59.
The global impacts of domestic dogs on threatened vertebrates.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Esvelt, K. M., and Gemmell, N. J. (2017). Conservation demands safe gene drive. PLoS Biology 15, e2003850.
Conservation demands safe gene drive.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29145398PubMed |

Falzon, G., Lawson, C., Cheung, K.-W., Vernes, K., Ballard, G. A., Fleming, P. J. S., Glen, A. S., Milne, H., Mather-Zardain, A., and Meek, P. D. (2020). ClassifyMe: a field-scouting software for the identification of wildlife in camera trap images. Animals 10, 58.
ClassifyMe: a field-scouting software for the identification of wildlife in camera trap images.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Farnworth, M. J., Campbell, J., and Adams, N. J. (2011). What’s in a name? Perceptions of stray and feral cat welfare and control in Aotearoa, New Zealand. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 14, 59–74.
What’s in a name? Perceptions of stray and feral cat welfare and control in Aotearoa, New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21191848PubMed |

Fukasawa, K., Hashimoto, T., Tatara, M., and Abe, S. (2013). Reconstruction and prediction of invasive mongoose population dynamics from history of introduction and management: a Bayesian state–space modelling approach. Journal of Applied Ecology 50, 469–478.
Reconstruction and prediction of invasive mongoose population dynamics from history of introduction and management: a Bayesian state–space modelling approach.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Gaby, M. J. (2014). A report on free-roaming domestic cat activities in urban areas. What do owned free-ranging domestic cats get up to? Victoria University, Wellington.

Gardener, M. R., Atkinson, R., and Rentería, J. L. (2010). Eradications and people: lessons from the plant eradication program in Galapagos. Restoration Ecology 18, 20–29.
Eradications and people: lessons from the plant eradication program in Galapagos.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Gemmell, N. J., Jalilzadeh, A., Didham, R. K., Soboleva, T., and Tompkins, D. M. (2013). The Trojan female technique: a novel, effective and humane approach for pest population control. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, .
The Trojan female technique: a novel, effective and humane approach for pest population control.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24266039PubMed |

Gillespie, R. (2016). Economic evaluation of the Lord Howe Island Rodent Eradication Project. Gillespie Economics, Sydney.

Gillies, C., and Clout, M. (2003). The prey of domestic cats (Felis catus) in two suburbs of Auckland City. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 259, 309–315.

Glen, A. S., and Short, J. (2000). The control of dingoes in New South Wales in the period 1883–1930 and its likely impact on their distribution and abundance. Australian Zoologist 31, 432–442.
The control of dingoes in New South Wales in the period 1883–1930 and its likely impact on their distribution and abundance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Glen, A. S., Atkinson, R., Campbell, K. J., Hagen, E., Holmes, N. D., Keitt, B. S., Parkes, J. P., Saunders, A., Sawyer, J., and Torres, H. (2013). Eradicating multiple invasive species on inhabited islands: the next big step in island restoration? Biological Invasions 15, 2589–2603.
Eradicating multiple invasive species on inhabited islands: the next big step in island restoration?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Glen, A. S., Latham, M. C., Anderson, D., Leckie, C., Niemiec, R., Pech, R. P., and Byrom, A. E. (2017). Landholder participation in regional-scale control of invasive predators: an adaptable landscape model. Biological Invasions 19, 329–338.
Landholder participation in regional-scale control of invasive predators: an adaptable landscape model.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Gompper, M. E. (2014). The dog–human–wildlife interface: assessing the scope of the problem. In ‘Free-ranging Dogs and Wildlife Conservation’. (Ed. M. E. Gompper.) pp. 9–54. (Oxford University Press: Oxford.)

Guthrie, K. (2016). High tech, easy-to-use trap monitoring system saves money and time. Available at: https://predatorfreenz.org/high-tech-easy-to-use-trap-monitoring-system-saves-money-and-time/ [accessed 2 August 2018].

Hall, C. M., Adams, N. A., Bradley, J. S., Bryant, K. A., Davis, A. A., Dickman, C. R., Fujita, T., Kobayashi, S., Lepczyk, C. A., McBride, E. A., Pollock, K. H., Styles, I. M., van Heezik, Y., Wang, F., and Calver, M. C. (2016). Community attitudes and practices of urban residents regarding predation by pet cats on wildlife: an international comparison. PLoS One 11, e0151962.
Community attitudes and practices of urban residents regarding predation by pet cats on wildlife: an international comparison.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27050447PubMed |

Hashimoto, T. (2010). Eradication and ecosystem impacts of rats in the Ogasawara Islands. In ‘Restoring the Oceanic Island Ecosystem: Impact and Management of Invasive Alien Species in the Bonin Islands’. (Eds K. Kawakami, and I. Okochi.) pp. 153–159. (Springer Japan: Tokyo.)

Hernandez, S. M., Loyd, K. A. T., Newton, A. N., Carswell, B. L., and Abernathy, K. J. (2018). The use of point-of-view cameras (Kittycams) to quantify predation by colony cats (Felis catus) on wildlife. Wildlife Research 45, 357–365.
The use of point-of-view cameras (Kittycams) to quantify predation by colony cats (Felis catus) on wildlife.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Howald, G., Donlan, C. J., Galvan, J. P., Russell, J. C., Parkes, J., Samaniego, A., Wang, Y. W., Veitch, D., Genovesi, P., Pascal, M., Saunders, A., and Tershy, B. (2007). Invasive rodent eradication on islands. Conservation Biology 21, 1258–1268.
Invasive rodent eradication on islands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17883491PubMed |

Hutchings, S. (2003). The diet of feral house cats (Felis catus) at a regional rubbish tip, Victoria. Wildlife Research 30, 103–110.
The diet of feral house cats (Felis catus) at a regional rubbish tip, Victoria.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ishida, K., Murata, K., Nishiumi, I., Takahashi, Y., and Takashi, M. (2015). Endemic Amami jay, invasive small Indian mongoose, and other alien organisms: a new century investigation of island aliens towards improved ecosystem management. Journal of Ornithology 156, 209–216.
Endemic Amami jay, invasive small Indian mongoose, and other alien organisms: a new century investigation of island aliens towards improved ecosystem management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Jessup, D. A. (2004). The welfare of feral cats and wildlife. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 225, 1377–1383.
The welfare of feral cats and wildlife.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15552312PubMed |

Kagoshima Environmental Studies Program (2017). ‘An Island Suitable for Habitation of Humans, Cats and Wildlife.’ (Kagoshima University: Kagoshima.) [In Japanese.]

Kagoshima Environmental Study Group (2019). ‘Amami no Noneko – Neko no Toikake.’ (Kagoshima University: Kagoshima.)

Kays, R. W., and DeWan, A. A. (2004). Ecological impact of inside/outside house cats around a suburban nature preserve. Animal Conservation 7, 273–283.
Ecological impact of inside/outside house cats around a suburban nature preserve.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Krull, C., Galbraith, J., Glen, A. S., and Nathan, H. (2015). Invasive vertebrates in Australia and New Zealand. In ‘Austral Ark: The State of Wildlife in Australia and New Zealand’. (Eds A. Stow, N. Maclean, and G. I. Howell.) pp. 197–226. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.)

Leclerc, C., Courchamp, F., and Bellard, C. (2018). Insular threat associations within taxa worldwide. Scientific Reports 8, 6393.
Insular threat associations within taxa worldwide.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29686360PubMed |

Levy, J. K., and Crawford, P. C. (2004). Humane strategies for controlling feral cat populations. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 225, 1354–1360.
Humane strategies for controlling feral cat populations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15552308PubMed |

Longcore, T., Rich, C., and Sullivan, L. M. (2009). Critical assessment of claims regarding management of feral cats by trap–neuter–return. Conservation Biology 23, 887–894.
Critical assessment of claims regarding management of feral cats by trap–neuter–return.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19245489PubMed |

Loss, S. R., and Marra, P. P. (2018). Merchants of doubt in the free-ranging cat conflict. Conservation Biology 32, 265–266.
Merchants of doubt in the free-ranging cat conflict.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29377342PubMed |

Loyd, K. A. T., and Hernandez, S. M. (2012). Public perceptions of domestic cats and preferences for feral cat management in the southeastern United States. Anthrozoos 25, 337–351.
Public perceptions of domestic cats and preferences for feral cat management in the southeastern United States.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Loyd, K. A. T., Hernandez, S. M., Carroll, J. P., Abernathy, K. J., and Marshall, G. J. (2013a). Quantifying free-roaming domestic cat predation using animal-borne video cameras. Biological Conservation 160, 183–189.
Quantifying free-roaming domestic cat predation using animal-borne video cameras.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Loyd, K. T., Hernandez, S. M., Abernathy, K. J., Shock, B. C., and Marshall, G. J. (2013b). Risk behaviours exhibited by free-roaming cats in a suburban US town. The Veterinary Record , .
Risk behaviours exhibited by free-roaming cats in a suburban US town.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

MacDonald, E., Milfont, T., and Gavin, M. (2015). What drives cat-owner behaviour? First steps towards limiting domestic-cat impacts on native wildlife. Wildlife Research 42, 257–265.
What drives cat-owner behaviour? First steps towards limiting domestic-cat impacts on native wildlife.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Maeda, T., Nakashita, R., Shionosaki, K., Yamada, F., and Watari, Y. (2019). Predation on endangered species by human-subsidized domestic cats on Tokunoshima Island. Scientific Reports 9, 16200.
Predation on endangered species by human-subsidized domestic cats on Tokunoshima Island.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 31700052PubMed |

Mameno, K., Kubo, T., and Suzuki, M. (2017). Social challenges of spatial planning for outdoor cat management in Amami Oshima Island, Japan. Global Ecology and Conservation 10, 184–193.
Social challenges of spatial planning for outdoor cat management in Amami Oshima Island, Japan.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Matsuu, A., Yokota, S.-i., Ito, K., and Masatani, T. (2017). Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in free-ranging and feral cats on Amami Oshima Island, Japan. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 79, 1853–1856.
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in free-ranging and feral cats on Amami Oshima Island, Japan.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28966212PubMed |

McCarthy, R. J., Levine, S. H., and Reed, J. M. (2013). Estimation of effectiveness of three methods of feral cat population control by use of a simulation model. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 243, 502–511.
Estimation of effectiveness of three methods of feral cat population control by use of a simulation model.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23902443PubMed |

McClelland, P. J., Coote, R., Trow, M., Hutchins, P., Nevins, H. M., Adams, J., Newman, J., and Moller, H. (2011). The Rakiura Titi Islands Restoration Project: community action to eradicate Rattus rattus and Rattus exulans for ecological restoration and cultural wellbeing. In ‘Island Invasives: Eradication and Management. Proceedings of the International Conference on Island Invasives’. (Eds C. R. Veitch, M. N. Clout, and D. R. Towns.) pp. 451–454. (IUCN: Gland, Switzerland & Auckland, New Zealand.)

McLeod, L. J., Driver, A. B., Bengsen, A. J., and Hine, D. W. (2017a). Refining online communication strategies for domestic cat management. Anthrozoos 30, 635–649.
Refining online communication strategies for domestic cat management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

McLeod, L. J., Hine, D. W., Bengsen, A. J., and Driver, A. B. (2017b). Assessing the impact of different persuasive messages on the intentions and behaviour of cat owners: a randomised control trial. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 146, 136–142.
Assessing the impact of different persuasive messages on the intentions and behaviour of cat owners: a randomised control trial.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28992918PubMed |

Medina, F. M., Bonnaud, E., Vidal, E., Tershy, B. R., Zavaleta, E. S., Donlan, C. J., Keitt, B. S., Le Corre, M., Horwarth, S. V., and Nogales, M. (2011). A global review of the impacts of invasive cats on island endangered vertebrates. Global Change Biology 17, 3503–3510.
A global review of the impacts of invasive cats on island endangered vertebrates.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Medina, F. M., Bonnaud, E., Vidal, E., and Nogales, M. (2014). Underlying impacts of invasive cats on islands: not only a question of predation. Biodiversity and Conservation 23, 327–342.
Underlying impacts of invasive cats on islands: not only a question of predation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Merton, D., Climo, G., Laboudallon, V., Robert, S., and Mander, C. (2002). Alien mammal eradication and quarantine on inhabited islands in the Seychelles. In ‘Turning the Tide: the Eradication of Invasive Species’. (Eds C. R. Veitch, and M. N. Clout.) pp. 182–198. (IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group: Gland, Switzerland & Cambridge, UK.)

Miller, K. E., Ritchie, E. G., and Weston, M. A. (2014). The human dimensions of dog–wildlife interactions. In ‘Free-ranging Dogs and Wildlife Conservation’. Ed. M. E. Gompper.) pp. 286–304. (Oxford University Press: Oxford.)

Morgan, D. K. J., Waas, J. R., and Innes, J. (2009). An inventory of mammalian pests in a New Zealand city. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 36, 23–33.
An inventory of mammalian pests in a New Zealand city.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Natoli, E., Maragliano, L., Cariola, G., Faini, A., Bonanni, R., Cafazzo, S., and Fantini, C. (2006). Management of feral domestic cats in the urban environment of Rome (Italy). Preventive Veterinary Medicine 77, 180–185.
Management of feral domestic cats in the urban environment of Rome (Italy).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17034887PubMed |

Newsome, T. M., Dellinger, J. A., Pavey, C. R., Ripple, W. J., Shores, C. R., Wirsing, A. J., and Dickman, C. R. (2015). The ecological effects of providing resource subsidies to predators. Global Ecology and Biogeography 24, 1–11.
The ecological effects of providing resource subsidies to predators.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Nogales, M., Martin, A., Tershy, B. R., Donlan, C. J., Witch, D., Puerta, N., Wood, B., and Alonso, J. (2004). A review of feral cat eradication on islands. Conservation Biology 18, 310–319.
A review of feral cat eradication on islands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

NZCAC (2017). New Zealand National Cat Management Strategy Discussion Paper. New Zealand Companion Animal Council, Auckland.

Omondiagbe, H. A., Towns, D. R., Wood, J. K., and Bollard-Breen, B. (2017). Stakeholders and social networks identify potential roles of communities in sustainable management of invasive species. Biological Invasions 19, 3037–3049.
Stakeholders and social networks identify potential roles of communities in sustainable management of invasive species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Oppel, S., Beaven, B. M., Bolton, M., Vickery, J., and Bodey, T. W. (2011). Eradication of invasive mammals on islands inhabited by humans and domestic animals. Conservation Biology 25, 232–240.
Eradication of invasive mammals on islands inhabited by humans and domestic animals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21054528PubMed |

Pelletier, L. G., and Sharp, E. (2008). Persuasive communication and proenvironmental behaviours: how message tailoring and message framing can improve the integration of behaviours through self-determined motivation. Canadian Psychology 49, 210–217.
Persuasive communication and proenvironmental behaviours: how message tailoring and message framing can improve the integration of behaviours through self-determined motivation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Piquet, J. C., Baumgartner, E. S., Medina, F. M., Díaz-Luis, N., Sevilla, J., López, H., Nogales, M., and López-Darias, M. (2019). A resource-efficient procedure to improve planning of invasive cat management on inhabited islets. Biological Invasions 21, 1817–1831.
A resource-efficient procedure to improve planning of invasive cat management on inhabited islets.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Plourde, L. (2014). Cat cafés, affective labor, and the healing boom in Japan. Japanese Studies 34, 115–133.
Cat cafés, affective labor, and the healing boom in Japan.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ratcliffe, N., Bell, M., Pelembe, T., Boyle, D., Benjamin, R., White, R., Godley, B., Stevenson, J., and Sanders, S. (2010). The eradication of feral cats from Ascension Island and its subsequent recolonization by seabirds. Oryx 44, 20–29.
The eradication of feral cats from Ascension Island and its subsequent recolonization by seabirds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Reardon, J. T., Whitmore, N., Holmes, K. M., Judd, L. M., Hutcheon, A. D., Norbury, G., and Mackenzie, D. I. (2012). Predator control allows critically endangered lizards to recover on mainland New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 36, 141–150.

Robertson, H. A., Colbourne, R. M., Graham, P. J., Miller, P. J., and Pierce, R. J. (2011). Experimental management of brown kiwi Apteryx mantelli in central Northland, New Zealand. Bird Conservation International 21, 207–220.
Experimental management of brown kiwi Apteryx mantelli in central Northland, New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Rouco, C., de Torre-Ceijas, R., Martín-Collado, D., and Byrom, A. E. (2017). New Zealand shouldn’t ignore feral cats. BioScience 67, 686.
New Zealand shouldn’t ignore feral cats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Russell, J. C. (2014). A comparison of attitudes towards introduced wildlife in New Zealand in 1994 and 2012. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 44, 136–151.
A comparison of attitudes towards introduced wildlife in New Zealand in 1994 and 2012.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Russell, J. C., and Stanley, M. C. (2018). An overview of introduced predator management in inhabited landscapes. Pacific Conservation Biology , .
An overview of introduced predator management in inhabited landscapes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Russell, J. C., Innes, J. G., Brown, P. H., and Byrom, A. E. (2015). Predator-free New Zealand: conservation country. BioScience 65, 520–525.
Predator-free New Zealand: conservation country.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26955079PubMed |

Samways, M. J., Hitchins, P. M., Bourquin, O., and Henwood, J. (2010). Restoration of a tropical island: Cousine Island, Seychelles. Biodiversity and Conservation 19, 425–434.
Restoration of a tropical island: Cousine Island, Seychelles.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Saunders, A., and Norton, D. A. (2001). Ecological restoration at Mainland Islands in New Zealand. Biological Conservation 99, 109–119.
Ecological restoration at Mainland Islands in New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Sax, D. F., and Gaines, S. D. (2008). Species invasions and extinction: the future of native biodiversity on islands. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105, 11490–11497.
Species invasions and extinction: the future of native biodiversity on islands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18695231PubMed |

Shionosaki, K., Yamada, F., Ishikawa, T., and Shibata, S. (2015). Feral cat diet and predation on endangered endemic mammals on a biodiversity hot spot (Amami–Ohshima Island, Japan). Wildlife Research 42, 343–352.
Feral cat diet and predation on endangered endemic mammals on a biodiversity hot spot (Amami–Ohshima Island, Japan).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Shionosaki, K., Shigeki, S., Yamada, F., and Shibata, S. (2016). Changes in free-roaming cat activity following a regulation prohibiting feeding: a case study at a mountain forest near residential area in Amami City on Amami-Oshima Island, Japan. Wildlife and Human Society 3, 1–13.

Simberloff, D. (2001). Eradication of island invasives: practical actions and results achieved. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 16, 273–274.
Eradication of island invasives: practical actions and results achieved.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Simberloff, D., Keitt, B., Will, D., Holmes, N., and Pickett, E. (2018). Yes we can! Exciting progress and prospects for controlling invasives on islands and beyond. Western North American Naturalist 78, 942–958.
Yes we can! Exciting progress and prospects for controlling invasives on islands and beyond.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Tershy, B. R., Shen, K.-W., Newton, K. M., Holmes, N. D., and Croll, D. A. (2015). The importance of islands for the protection of biological and linguistic diversity. BioScience 65, 592–597.
The importance of islands for the protection of biological and linguistic diversity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

The Japan News (2018). Amami-Oshima looks to capture, cull feral cats. The Japan News, 31 August, 2018.

Towns, D. R. (2011). Eradications of vertebrate pests from islands around New Zealand: what have we delivered and what have we learned? In ‘Island Invasives: Eradication and Management’. Ed. C. M. Veitch CR, Towns DR) pp. 364–371. (IUCN: Gland, Switzerland & Auckland, New Zealand.)

Towns, D. R., and Broome, K. G. (2003). From small Maria to massive Campbell: forty years of rat eradications from New Zealand islands. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 30, 377–398.
From small Maria to massive Campbell: forty years of rat eradications from New Zealand islands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Towns, D. R., West, C. J., and Broome, K. G. (2013). Purposes, outcomes and challenges of eradicating invasive mammals from New Zealand islands: an historical perspective. Wildlife Research 40, 94–107.
Purposes, outcomes and challenges of eradicating invasive mammals from New Zealand islands: an historical perspective.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Uetake, K., Yamada, S., Yano, M., and Tanaka, T. (2014). A survey of attitudes of local citizens of a residential area toward urban stray cats in Japan. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 17, 172–177.
A survey of attitudes of local citizens of a residential area toward urban stray cats in Japan.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23924029PubMed |

van Heezik, Y., Smyth, A., Adams, A., and Gordon, J. (2010). Do domestic cats impose an unsustainable harvest on urban bird populations? Biological Conservation 143, 121–130.
Do domestic cats impose an unsustainable harvest on urban bird populations?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Vanak, A. T., and Gompper, M. E. (2010). Interference competition at the landscape level: the effect of free-ranging dogs on a native mesocarnivore. Journal of Applied Ecology 47, 1225–1232.
Interference competition at the landscape level: the effect of free-ranging dogs on a native mesocarnivore.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Watari, Y., Takatsuki, S., and Miyashita, T. (2008). Effects of exotic mongoose (Herpestes javanicus) on the native fauna of Amami-Oshima Island, southern Japan, estimated by distribution patterns along the historical gradient of mongoose invasion. Biological Invasions 10, 7–17.
Effects of exotic mongoose (Herpestes javanicus) on the native fauna of Amami-Oshima Island, southern Japan, estimated by distribution patterns along the historical gradient of mongoose invasion.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wellington City Council (2018). New bylaw on microchipping cats. Available at: https://wellington.govt.nz/services/consents-and-licences/animals/new-bylaw-on-microchipping-cats [accessed 26 February 2018].

Winter, L. (2004). Trap–neuter–return programs – the reality and the impacts. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 225, 1369–1376.
Trap–neuter–return programs – the reality and the impacts.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15552311PubMed |

Yamada, F. (2002). Impacts and control of introduced small Indian mongoose on Amami Island, Japan. In ‘Turning the Tide: the Eradication of Invasive Species’. (Eds C. R. Veitch, and M. N. Clout.) pp. 389–392. (IUCN: Gland, Switzerland.)

Yamada, F., and Sugimura, K. (2004). Negative impact of an invasive small Indian mongoose Herpestes javanicus on native wildlife species and evaluation of a control project in Amami-Ohshima and Okinawa Islands, Japan. Global Environmental Research 8, 117–124.

ZIP (2018). Are rivers an effective barrier to possum migration? Available at: http://zip.org.nz/findings/2017/11/are-rivers-an-effective-barrier-to-possum-migration [accessed 26 April 2018].