DNA science and conservation

Abstract

A wide array of DNA-based genetic techniques are now available for the study of many problems in conservation biology. Either directly or indirectly, such techniques are becoming increasingly available to scientists and managers alike. Although these technologies are generally known to conservationists, there is a need to clearly outline the principal characteristics of such genetic tools and to detail how they can most appropriately be used in the management of wildlife species. The essential characteristics of mitochondrial and chloroplast restriction fragment analyses are detailed, together with discussions of single locus nuclear restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), multilocus DNA fingerprinting, microsatellite DNA, randomly amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), and DNA sequence variation. We also give relevant information about the development times for these techniques, their relative costs, and the quality of tissue required. In addition, we discuss which conservation problems are appropriate to each of these methods and give examples of their application and potential use in relation to New Zealand organisms. The following problems are considered: sex assignment; parentage and kinship; migration; species, population and strain identification; forensic applications; genetic effects of population bottlenecks; disease identification; feeding preferences; philopatry; pest control; and understanding population extinction. Finally, we suggest that both microsatellite and minisatellite DNA techniques have particular advantages over many other currently-available techniques and conclude that these two approaches are applicable to a wide range of the conservation problems.