Register      Login
Pacific Conservation Biology Pacific Conservation Biology Society
A journal dedicated to conservation and wildlife management in the Pacific region.
Shopping Cart: ( empty )
You are here: Home > Journals > PC > PC24017
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Contents Vol 30(3)

Conservation, trade and (lack of) management of Sunda pangolins in Bali and Lombok

Jessica Chavez A B and Vincent Nijman https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5600-4276 B *
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK.

B Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, School of Law and Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK.

* Correspondence to: vnijman@brookes.ac.uk

Handling Editor: Mike Calver

Pacific Conservation Biology 30, PC24017 https://doi.org/10.1071/PC24017
Submitted: 15 March 2024  Accepted: 14 May 2024  Published: 3 June 2024

© 2024 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing

Abstract

Context

Limited information is available on the occurrence, conservation and management of Sunda pangolins (Manis javanica) on Bali and Lombok, Indonesia. Some have even questioned their presence here.

Aims

We present an overview of the current knowledge of pangolins on Bali and Lombok.

Methods

Information was drawn from camera traps (2023), animal market surveys (1994–2024), and review of occurrence data (museum specimens, iNaturalist, literature), rescues and releases, and seizure data.

Key results

We document the presence of wild pangolins from 11 sites in Bali (1994–2023) and 5 sites in Lombok (1939–2022). We document 8 rescues from Bali (2015–2023) but none from Lombok; there have been 11 releases of single pangolins in the forest near the Luhur Besi Kalung temple in Bali (2016–2023). We did not record, or find any records of, pangolins offered for sale in four animal markets in Bali (1994–2024) and Lombok (2018–2024), but there was one seizure of 15 live pangolins in Bali in 2009, and, unusually, limited evidence of trade from Lombok and Bali.

Conclusions

There is a paucity of data of pangolins on Lombok, and on Bali the species appears to occur scattered throughout the island, with much of the contemporary information being derived from accidental encounters or rescues and active management of pangolins is largely absent.

Implications

Compared to other parts of Indonesia, the conservation status of Sunda pangolins on Bali and Lombok is less bleak, and despite their small size, these two islands on the easternmost edge of the species’ range may hold important populations.

Keywords: CITES, conservation, cryptic species, Indonesia, Manis javanica, natural resource management, wildlife trade, zoogeography.

References

Abdullah A, Ahmad N, Ardiansyah A, Baestri M, Campera M, Chavez J, Dewi T, Fourage A, Gomez L, Hankinson E, Hedger K, Hendrik R, Imron MA, Leupen B, Manson S, Morcatty TQ, Nekaris KAI, Nijman V, Pereyra PER, Sintya E, Svensson MS, Xie M (2024) Parrot trade and the potential risk of psittacosis as a zoonotic disease in Indonesian bird markets. Birds 5, 137-154.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Anonymous (2009) BKSDA NTB kesulitan deteksi perdagangan trenggiling. Antara NTB. Available at https://mataram.antaranews.com/berita/6060/bksda-ntb-kesulitan-deteksi-perdagangan-trenggiling

Anonymous (2023) Natural heritage, east Rinjani forest area. Available at https://rinjanigeopark.com/heritage/natural-heritage/east-rinjani-forest-area/

Asrori MM (2017) Burung-burung yang diperjualbelikan di pasar burung Kota Mataram, Lombok. In ‘Konferensi Peneliti dan Pemerhati Burung Indonesia 3 (KPPBI 3)’. (Ed. LPE Kusuma Yuni) pp. 107–110. (Universitas Udayana: Denpasar)

Attenborough D (1957) ‘Zoo Quest for a Dragon.’ (Lutterworth Press: Cambridge)

Boyles JG, Swart JM, Bennett NC, Ferguson W, Speakman JR, Scantlebury DM (2020) Energetics suggest cause for even further conservation concern for Temminck’s ground pangolin. Animal Conservation 23, 245-249.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Buckingham E, Curry J, Emogor C, Tomsett L, Cooper N (2021) Using natural history collections to investigate changes in pangolin (Pholidota: Manidae) geographic ranges through time. PeerJ 9, e10843.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Challender DWS, Sas-Rolfes M, Ades GWJ, Chin JSC, Sun NC-M, Chong JL, Connelly E, Hywood L, Luz S, Mohapatra RK, de Ornellas P, Parker K, Pietersen DW, Roberton SI, Semiadi G, Shaw D, Shepherd CR, Thomson P, Wang Y, Wicker L, Wu SB, Nash HC (2019a) Evaluating the feasibility of pangolin farming and its potential conservation impact. Global Ecology and Conservation 20, e00714.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Challender D, Willcox DHA, Panjang E, Lim N, Nash H, Heinrich S, Chong J (2019b) Manis javanica. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 019: e.T12763A123584856. Available at https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T12763A123584856.en [Accessed 20 February 2024]

Challender DWS, Nash HC, Waterman C (2020) ‘Pangolins: science, society and conservation.’ (Academic Press: London, UK)

Chavez J, Payuse INAD, Kuntayuni , Campera M, Nijman V (2024) Tourism, international wildlife trade and the (in)effectiveness of CITES. Environmental Conservation 51, 64-70.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Chng SC, Krishnasamy K, Eaton JA (2018) In the market for extinction: the cage bird trade in Bali. Forktail 34, 35-41.
| Google Scholar |

Corbet G, Hill J (1992) ‘Mammals of Indomalayan Region.’ (Oxford University Press: Oxford)

Dammerman KW (1929) Preservation of wild life and nature reserves in the Netherlands Indies. In ‘Proceeding 4th Pacific Scientific Congress, Java 1929’. pp. 1–91. (Pacific Science Association)

Gu T-T, Wu H, Yang F, Gaubert P, Heighton SP, Fu Y, Liu K, Luo S-J, Zhang H-R, Hu J-Y, Yu L (2023) Genomic analysis reveals a cryptic pangolin species. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 120(40), e2304096120.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Harrington LA, D’Cruze N, Macdonald D (2018) Rise to fame: events, media activity and public interest in pangolins and pangolin trade, 2005–2016. Nature Conservation 30, 107-133.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Harrisson T, Loh CY (1965) To scale a pangolin. Sarawak Museum Journal 12, 415-418.
| Google Scholar |

Heinrich S, Wittmann TA, Prowse TAA, Ross JV, Delean S, Shepherd CR, Cassey P (2016) Where did all the pangolins go? International CITES trade in pangolin species. Global Ecology and Conservation 8, 241-253.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Heinsohn TE (2001) Human influences on vertebrate zoogeography: animal translocation and biological invasions across and to the east of Wallace’s Line. In ‘Faunal and floral migrations and evolution in SE Asia–Australasia. Vol. 1’. (Eds I Metcalfe, JMB Smith, M Morwood, I Davidson) pp. 153–170. (A.A. Balkema)

Hua L, Gong S, Wang F, Li W, Ge Y, Li X, Hou F (2015) Captive breeding of pangolins: current status, problems and future prospects. ZooKeys 507, 99-114.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

IUCN (2017) Regional Sunda Pangolin (Manis javanica) Conservation Strategy 2018-2028. IUCN/SSC Pangolin Specialist Group, London, UK.

Kitchener DJ, Boeadi , Charlton L, Maharadatunkamsi (1990) Wild mammals of Lombok Island. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 33, 1-129.
| Google Scholar |

Lim NTL, Ng PKL (2008) Home range, activity cycle and natal den usage of a female Sunda pangolin Manis javanica (Mammalia: Pholidota) in Singapore. Endangered Species Research 4, 233-240.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Maga A (2011) Masyarakat adat pertanyakan kepemilikan lahan TWA Bangko-Bangko. ANTARA NTB. Available at https://mataram.antaranews.com/berita/19797/masyarakat-adat-pertanyakan-kepemilikan-lahan-twa-bangko-bangko

Malone NM, Fuentes A, Purnama AR, Wedana IMWA (2002) Displaced hylobatids: biological, cultural, and economic aspects of the primate trade in Jawa and Bali, Indonesia. Tropical Biodiversity 8, 41-50.
| Google Scholar |

Naysmith S (2014) Observations from a live bird market in Indonesia following a contained outbreak of avian influenza A (H5N1). EcoHealth 11, 50-52.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Newton P, Nguyen TV, Roberton S, Bell D (2008) Pangolins in peril: using local hunters’ knowledge to conserve elusive species in Vietnam. Endangered Species Research 6, 41-53.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Nijman V (2015) Pangolin seizures data reported in the Indonesian media. Traffic Bulletin 27, 44-46.
| Google Scholar |

Nijman V (2023) Effect of CITES Appendix I listing on illegal pangolin trade as gauged from seizure reports in Indonesia. European Journal of Wildlife Research 69, 105.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Noerjito M, Maryanto I (2001) ‘Jenis-jenis hayati yang dilindungi perundang-undang Indonesia.’ (LIPI: Cibinong, Indonesia)

Pantel S, Chin SY (2009) Proceedings of a Workshop on Trade and Conservation of Pangolins Native to South and Southeast Asia. TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia.

Papanek GF, Dowsett D (1975) The cost of living, 1938-1973. Ekonomi dan Keuangan Indonesia 23(2), 181-206.
| Google Scholar |

Rahmawati N, Lubczynski MW (2018) Validation of satellite daily rainfall estimates in complex terrain of Bali Island, Indonesia. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 134, 513-532.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Rianto T, Asnawi A, Basit A, Suparmo, Megawati D, Faisal MY (2015) ‘Database Keanekaragaman Hayati Taman Nasional Gunung Rinjani.’ (Balai Taman Nasional Gunung Rinjani: Mataram)

Semiadi G, Darnaedi D, Arief AJ (2009) Sunda pangolin Manis javanica conservation in Indonesia: status and problems. In ‘Proceedings of a Workshop on Trade and Conservation of Pangolins Native to South and Southeast Asia’. (Eds S Pantel, SY Chin). (TRAFFIC Southeast Asia: Petaling Jaya, Malaysia)

Semiadi G, Phadmacanty NLPR, Wirdateti (2023) Sejarah kelam perburuan trenggiling yang mengakibatkan satwa ini nyaris punah. The Conversation 10 July 2023.
| Google Scholar |

Syaputra M (2016) Kajian perdagangan satwa liar jenis burung di wilayah Mataram dan sekitarnya. BioWallacea 2, 148-153.
| Google Scholar |

Takandjanji M, Sawitri R (2016) Analisis pengangkapan dan perdagangan trenggiling jawa (Manis javanica Desmarest, 1822) di Indonesia. Jurnal Analisis Kebijakan 13, 85-101.
| Google Scholar |

Widodo W (2005) Perdagangan burung-burung paruh bengkok di Bali. Berkala Penelitian Hayati 11, 31-37.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Wilson DE, Mittermeier RA (2011) Manidae. In ‘Handbook of the mammals of the world. Vol. 2. Hoofed Mammals’. (Eds DE Wilson, RA Mittermeier) pp. 82–103. (Lynx Edicions: Barcelona)

Winarni NL, Dwiyahreni AA, Hartiningtias D, Sunaryo , Supriatna J (2020) A benchmark assessment of ecosystem health indicator species groups at Bali Barat National Park. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 481, 012006.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Xian Y, Lu Y, Liu G (2022) Is climate change threatening or beneficial to the habitat distribution of global pangolin species? Evidence from species distribution modeling. Science of The Total Environment 811, 151385.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Yasa IW, Sulistiyono H, Saadi Y, Hartana H (2022) Spatial climate forecasting for climatology disaster mitigation. Environment and Ecology Research 10(6), 786-796.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Zhang F, Wu S, Yang L, Zhang L, Sun R, Li S (2015) Reproductive parameters of the Sunda pangolin, Manis javanica. Folia Zoologica 64, 129-135.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |