Avian community changes following drought-induced canopy collapse in a Mediterranean-type forest
Sean Smithies A , Patricia A. Fleming
A B , Philip W. Bateman C , Giles E. St. J. Hardy A and Shannon J. Dundas A B *
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Terrestrial Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
B NSW Department of Primary Industries, Orange, NSW, Australia.
C Behavioural Ecology Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.
Pacific Conservation Biology 29(4) 312-324 https://doi.org/10.1071/PC22005
Submitted: 9 February 2022 Accepted: 21 August 2022 Published: 19 September 2022
© 2023 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)
Abstract
Context: Extreme drought can result in the widespread die-off of forests and dramatically altered ecosystem structure. Such changes are likly to influence fauna using resouces within these forests.
Aims: Following a record hot and dry year/summer in 2010/11, large-scale canopy collapse occurred within a Mediterranean-type mixed jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata)–marri (Corymbia calophylla) forest in south-west Western Australia. We investigated the effects of this collapse on bird assemblages in 2016, 5 years after the initial collapse.
Methods: We carried out bird surveys using a standardised search method for five paired drought-affected and adjacent healthy forest plots.
Key results: A total of 3042 records of 51 bird species were observed across all surveys. Overall, the pooled (mean ± s.d.) reporting rates for drought-affected plots (13.84 ± 0.60 individuals/survey) were significantly less than the reporting rates for healthy plots (34.44 ± 1.03 individuals/survey) (PERMANOVA: F1 = 54.94, R2 = 0.31, P = 0.001). Species diversity was also higher in healthy plots (t26 = 11.21, P < 0.001). Foliage-searching birds were the most abundant guild across all plots and were reported less often in drought-affected plots (t6 = 2.70, P < 0.04).
Conclusions: Drought-affected jarrah forest plots exhibited significant differences in bird assemblages compared to healthy plots. Overall, the drought-affected forest provides a less favourable habitat for birds compared to healthy forest.
Implications: With marked variability and extreme climate events predicted for the future, understanding the impacts of such changes will contribute to how we manage forest ecosystems.
Keywords: avian, climate change, dieback, drought, jarrah forest, nectarivore, tree decline, woodland birds.
References
Abbott, I, and Heurck, P (1985). Tree species preferences of foraging birds in jarrah forest in Western Australia. Wildlife Research 12, 461–466.| Tree species preferences of foraging birds in jarrah forest in Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Albright, TP, Pidgeon, AM, Rittenhouse, CD, Clayton, MK, Flather, CH, Culbert, PD, Wardlow, BD, and Radeloff, VC (2010). Effects of drought on avian community structure. Global Change Biology 16, 2158–2170.
| Effects of drought on avian community structure.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Allen, CD, Macalady, AK, Chenchouni, H, Bachelet, D, McDowell, N, Vennetier, M, Kitzberger, T, Rigling, A, Breshears, DD, Hogg, EH, Gonzalez, P, Fensham, R, Zhang, Z, Castro, J, Demidova, N, Lim, J-H, Allard, G, Running, SW, Semerci, A, and Cobb, N (2010). A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests. Forest Ecology and Management 259, 660–684.
| A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Allen, CD, Breshears, DD, and McDowell, NG (2015). On underestimation of global vulnerability to tree mortality and forest die-off from hotter drought in the Anthropocene. Ecosphere 6, 1–55.
| On underestimation of global vulnerability to tree mortality and forest die-off from hotter drought in the Anthropocene.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Angel, AS, and Bradley, JS (2021). Impact of a prolonged decline in rainfall on eucalypt woodlands in southwestern Australia and its consequences for avifauna. Pacific Conservation Biology , .
| Impact of a prolonged decline in rainfall on eucalypt woodlands in southwestern Australia and its consequences for avifauna.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Armstrong, KN, and Nichols, OG (2000). Long-term trends in avifaunal recolonisation of rehabilitated bauxite mines in the jarrah forest of south-western Australia. Forest Ecology and Management 126, 213–225.
| Long-term trends in avifaunal recolonisation of rehabilitated bauxite mines in the jarrah forest of south-western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bengtsson, J, Persson, T, and Lundkvist, H (1997). Long-term effects of logging residue addition and removal on macroarthropods and enchytraeids. Journal of Applied Ecology 34, 1014–1022.
| Long-term effects of logging residue addition and removal on macroarthropods and enchytraeids.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
BOM (2011) ‘Western Australia in 2010: a very dry year in southwest western Australia.’ (Commonwealth of Australia, Bureau of Meteorology)
Borenstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins JPT, Rothstein HR (2011) ‘Introduction to meta-analysis.’ (John Wiley & Sons: Chichester)
Breshears, DD, Cobb, NS, Rich, PM, Price, KP, Allen, CD, Balice, RG, Romme, WH, Kastens, JH, Floyd, ML, Belnap, J, Anderson, JJ, Myers, OB, and Meyer, CW (2005). Regional vegetation die-off in response to global-change-type drought. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102, 15144–15148.
| Regional vegetation die-off in response to global-change-type drought.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Brouwers, N, Matusick, G, Ruthrof, K, Lyons, T, and Hardy, G (2013). Landscape-scale assessment of tree crown dieback following extreme drought and heat in a Mediterranean eucalypt forest ecosystem. Landscape Ecology 28, 69–80.
| Landscape-scale assessment of tree crown dieback following extreme drought and heat in a Mediterranean eucalypt forest ecosystem.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bultman, TL, and Uetz, GW (1984). Effect of structure and nutritional quality of litter on abundances of litter-dwelling arthropods. American Midland Naturalist 111, 165–172.
| Effect of structure and nutritional quality of litter on abundances of litter-dwelling arthropods.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cadieux, P, Boulanger, Y, Cyr, D, Taylor, AR, Price, DT, Sólymos, P, Stralberg, D, Chen, HYH, Brecka, A, and Tremblay, JA (2020). Projected effects of climate change on boreal bird community accentuated by anthropogenic disturbances in western boreal forest, Canada. Diversity and Distributions 26, 668–682.
| Projected effects of climate change on boreal bird community accentuated by anthropogenic disturbances in western boreal forest, Canada.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Carleton, RE, Graham, JH, Lee, A, Taylor, ZP, and Carleton, JF (2019). Reproductive success of Eastern Bluebirds (Sialia sialis) varies with the timing and severity of drought. PLoS ONE 14, e0214266.
| Reproductive success of Eastern Bluebirds (Sialia sialis) varies with the timing and severity of drought.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Carroll, JM, Davis, CA, Elmore, RD, and Fuhlendorf, SD (2017). Using a historic drought and high-heat event to validate thermal exposure predictions for ground-dwelling birds. Ecology and Evolution 7, 6413–6422.
| Using a historic drought and high-heat event to validate thermal exposure predictions for ground-dwelling birds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Conradie, SR, Woodborne, SM, Wolf, BO, Pessato, A, Mariette, MM, and McKechnie, AE (2020). Avian mortality risk during heat waves will increase greatly in arid Australia during the 21st century. Conservation Physiology 8, coaa048.
| Avian mortality risk during heat waves will increase greatly in arid Australia during the 21st century.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cooper, C, Withers, P, Mawson, PR, Johnstone, R, Kirkby, T, Prince, J, Bradshaw, SD, and Robertson, H (2003). Characteristics of marri (corymbia calophylla) fruits in relation to the foraging behaviour of the forest red-tailed black cockatoo (calyptorhynchus banksii naso). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 86, 139–142.
Correia, RA, Haskell, WC, Gill, JA, Palmeirim, JM, and Franco, AMA (2015). Topography and aridity influence oak woodland bird assemblages in southern Europe. Forest Ecology and Management 354, 97–103.
| Topography and aridity influence oak woodland bird assemblages in southern Europe.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cousin, JA (2004). Habitat selection of the Western Yellow Robin (Eopsaltria griseogularis) in a Wandoo woodland, Western Australia. Emu - Austral Ornithology 104, 229–234.
| Habitat selection of the Western Yellow Robin (Eopsaltria griseogularis) in a Wandoo woodland, Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Davis, RA, Valentine, LE, Craig, MD, Wilson, B, Bancroft, WJ, and Mallie, M (2014). Impact of Phytophthora-dieback on birds in Banksia woodlands in south west Western Australia. Biological Conservation 171, 136–144.
| Impact of Phytophthora-dieback on birds in Banksia woodlands in south west Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dell B, Havel JJ (1989) The jarrah forest, an introduction. In ‘The jarrah forest: a complex mediterranean ecosystem’. (Eds B Dell, JJ Havel, N Malajczuk). (Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, The Netherlands)
Dundas, SJ, Ruthrof, KX, Hardy, GESJ, and Fleming, PA (2021). Some like it hot: drought-induced forest die-off influences reptile assemblages. Acta Oecologica 111, 103714.
| Some like it hot: drought-induced forest die-off influences reptile assemblages.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ellis, M, and Taylor, J (2013). Birds in remnant woodland vegetation in the central wheatbelt of New South Wales during the drought declared years 2005 to 2009. Australian Zoologist 36, 332–348.
| Birds in remnant woodland vegetation in the central wheatbelt of New South Wales during the drought declared years 2005 to 2009.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Er, KBH (1997). Effects of eucalypt dieback on bird species diversity in remnants of native woodland. Corella 21, 101–111.
Fischer, EM, Beyerle, U, and Knutti, R (2013). Robust spatially aggregated projections of climate extremes. Nature Climate Change 3, 1033–1038.
| Robust spatially aggregated projections of climate extremes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fleming, PA, Wentzel, JJ, Dundas, SJ, Kreplins, TL, Craig, MD, and Hardy, GESJ (2021). Global meta-analysis of tree decline impacts on fauna. Biological Reviews 96, 1744–1768.
| Global meta-analysis of tree decline impacts on fauna.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Floyd, ML, Romme, WH, Rocca, ME, Hanna, DP, and Hanna, DD (2015). Structural and regenerative changes in old-growth piñon–juniper woodlands following drought-induced mortality. Forest Ecology and Management 341, 18–29.
| Structural and regenerative changes in old-growth piñon–juniper woodlands following drought-induced mortality.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fumy, F, and Fartmann, T (2021). Climate and land-use change drive habitat loss in a mountain bird species. Ibis 163, 1189–1206.
| Climate and land-use change drive habitat loss in a mountain bird species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Furnas, BJ (2020). Rapid and varied responses of songbirds to climate change in California coniferous forests. Biological Conservation 241, 108347.
| Rapid and varied responses of songbirds to climate change in California coniferous forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gazol, A, Camarero, JJ, Sangüesa-Barreda, G, and Vicente-Serrano, SM (2018). Post-drought resilience after forest die-off: shifts in regeneration, composition, growth and productivity. Frontiers in Plant Science 9, 1546.
| Post-drought resilience after forest die-off: shifts in regeneration, composition, growth and productivity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gentilli J (1989) Climate of the jarrah forest. In ‘The jarrah forest.’ pp. 23–40. (Springer)
Hammer, Ø, Harper, DAT, and Ryan, PD (2001). Past: paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontolia Electronica 4, 9.
Harrer M, Cuijpers P, Furukawa TA, Ebert DD (2021) ‘Doing meta-analysis with r: a hands-on guide.’ 1st edn. (Chapman & Hall/CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL and London)
Haslem, A, Nimmo, DG, Radford, JQ, and Bennett, AF (2015). Landscape properties mediate the homogenization of bird assemblages during climatic extremes. Ecology 96, 3165–3174.
| Landscape properties mediate the homogenization of bird assemblages during climatic extremes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hoffmann, AA, Rymer, PD, Byrne, M, Ruthrof, KX, Whinam, J, McGeoch, M, Bergstrom, DM, Guerin, GR, Sparrow, B, Joseph, L, Hill, SJ, Andrew, NR, Camac, J, Bell, N, Riegler, M, Gardner, JL, and Williams, SE (2019). Impacts of recent climate change on terrestrial flora and fauna: some emerging Australian examples. Austral Ecology 44, 3–27.
| Impacts of recent climate change on terrestrial flora and fauna: some emerging Australian examples.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hughes, JD, Petrone, KC, and Silberstein, RP (2012). Drought, groundwater storage and stream flow decline in southwestern Australia. Geophysical Research Letters 39, L03408.
| Drought, groundwater storage and stream flow decline in southwestern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Landsberg, J (1988). Dieback of rural eucalypts: Tree phenology and damage caused by leaf-feeding insects. Australian Journal of Ecology 13, 251––267.
Landsberg, J (1990a). Dieback of rural eucalypts: Does insect herbivory relate to dietary quality of tree foliage? Australian Journal of Ecology 15, 73––87.
Landsberg, J (1990b). Dieback of rural eucalypts: Response of foliar dietary quality and herbivory to defoliation. Australian Journal of Ecology 15, 89––96.
Landsberg, J, and Wylie, FR (1983). Water stress, leaf nutrients and defoliation: a model of dieback of rural eucalypts. Australian Journal of Ecology 8, 27––41.
Langellotto, GA, and Denno, RF (2004). Responses of invertebrate natural enemies to complex-structured habitats: a meta-analytical synthesis. Oecologia 139, 1–10.
| Responses of invertebrate natural enemies to complex-structured habitats: a meta-analytical synthesis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Long, JL (1984). The diets of three species of parrots in the south of western Australia. Wildlife Research 11, 357–371.
| The diets of three species of parrots in the south of western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mac Nally, R (1994). Habitat-specific guild structure of forest birds in south-eastern Australia: a regional scale perspective. Journal of Animal Ecology 63, 988–1001.
| Habitat-specific guild structure of forest birds in south-eastern Australia: a regional scale perspective.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mac Nally, R, Bennett, AF, Thomson, JR, Radford, JQ, Unmack, G, Horrocks, G, and Vesk, PA (2009). Collapse of an avifauna: climate change appears to exacerbate habitat loss and degradation. Diversity and Distributions 15, 720–730.
| Collapse of an avifauna: climate change appears to exacerbate habitat loss and degradation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Marcelino, J, Silva, JP, Gameiro, J, Silva, A, Rego, FC, Moreira, F, and Catry, I (2020). Extreme events are more likely to affect the breeding success of lesser kestrels than average climate change. Scientific Reports 10, 7207.
| Extreme events are more likely to affect the breeding success of lesser kestrels than average climate change.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Martin, RO, Cunningham, SJ, and Hockey, PAR (2015). Elevated temperatures drive fine-scale patterns of habitat use in a savanna bird community. Ostrich 86, 127–135.
| Elevated temperatures drive fine-scale patterns of habitat use in a savanna bird community.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Matusick, G, Ruthrof, KX, Brouwers, NC, Dell, B, and Hardy, GSJ (2013). Sudden forest canopy collapse corresponding with extreme drought and heat in a mediterranean-type eucalypt forest in southwestern Australia. European Journal of Forest Research 132, 497–510.
| Sudden forest canopy collapse corresponding with extreme drought and heat in a mediterranean-type eucalypt forest in southwestern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Matusick, G, Ruthrof, KX, Fontaine, JB, and Hardy, GESJ (2016). Eucalyptus forest shows low structural resistance and resilience to climate change-type drought. Journal of Vegetation Science 27, 493–503.
| Eucalyptus forest shows low structural resistance and resilience to climate change-type drought.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Matusick, G, Ruthrof, KX, Kala, J, Brouwers, NC, Breshears, DD, and Hardy, GESJ (2018). Chronic historical drought legacy exacerbates tree mortality and crown dieback during acute heatwave-compounded drought. Environmental Research Letters 13, 095002.
| Chronic historical drought legacy exacerbates tree mortality and crown dieback during acute heatwave-compounded drought.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McKechnie, AE, and Wolf, BO (2010). Climate change increases the likelihood of catastrophic avian mortality events during extreme heat waves. Biology Letters 6, 253–256.
| Climate change increases the likelihood of catastrophic avian mortality events during extreme heat waves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McKechnie, AE, Hockey, PAR, and Wolf, BO (2012). Feeling the heat: Australian landbirds and climate change. Emu - Austral Ornithology 112, i–vii.
| Feeling the heat: Australian landbirds and climate change.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Moore, TL, Valentine, LE, Craig, MD, Hardy, GESJ, and Fleming, PA (2013). Do woodland birds prefer to forage in healthy Eucalyptus wandoo trees? Australian Journal of Zoology 61, 187–195.
| Do woodland birds prefer to forage in healthy Eucalyptus wandoo trees?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Morcombe MK (2003) ‘Field guide to Australian birds.’ (Steve Parish Publishing)
Newton, I (2007). Weather-related mass-mortality events in migrants. Ibis 149, 453–467.
| Weather-related mass-mortality events in migrants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nichols, OG, and Burrows, R (1985). Recolonisation of revegetated bauxite mine sites by predatory invertebrates. Forest Ecology and Management 10, 49–64.
| Recolonisation of revegetated bauxite mine sites by predatory invertebrates.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nichols, OG, Carbon, BA, Colquhoun, IJ, Croton, JT, and Murray, NJ (1985). Rehabilitation after bauxite mining in south-western Australia. Landscape Planning 12, 75–92.
| Rehabilitation after bauxite mining in south-western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nittérus, K, and Gunnarsson, B (2006). Effect of microhabitat complexity on the local distribution of arthropods in clear-cuts. Environmental Entomology 35, 1324–1333.
| Effect of microhabitat complexity on the local distribution of arthropods in clear-cuts.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Oksanen J, Blanchet FG, Friendly M, Kindt R, Legendre P, McGlinn D, Minchin PR, O’Hara RB, Simpson GL, Solymos P, Stevens MHH, Szoecs E, Wagner H (2020) ‘Vegan: community ecology package, R package version 2.5-7.’ Available at https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/vegan/vegan.pdf
Oliver, IAN, Pearce, S, Greenslade, PJM, and Britton, DR (2006). Contribution of paddock trees to the conservation of terrestrial invertebrate biodiversity within grazed native pastures. Austral Ecology 31, 1–12.
| Contribution of paddock trees to the conservation of terrestrial invertebrate biodiversity within grazed native pastures.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Paz-Kagan, T, Brodrick, PG, Vaughn, NR, Das, AJ, Stephenson, NL, Nydick, KR, and Asner, GP (2017). What mediates tree mortality during drought in the southern Sierra Nevada? Ecological Applications 27, 2443–2457.
| What mediates tree mortality during drought in the southern Sierra Nevada?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pearce-Higgins, JW, Eglington, SM, Martay, B, and Chamberlain, DE (2015). Drivers of climate change impacts on bird communities. Journal of Animal Ecology 84, 943–954.
| Drivers of climate change impacts on bird communities.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Perkins-Kirkpatrick, SE, White, CJ, Alexander, LV, Argüeso, D, Boschat, G, Cowan, T, Evans, JP, Ekström, M, Oliver, ECJ, Phatak, A, and Purich, A (2016). Natural hazards in Australia: heatwaves. Climatic Change 139, 101–114.
| Natural hazards in Australia: heatwaves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Petrone, KC, Hughes, JD, Van Niel, TG, and Silberstein, RP (2010). Streamflow decline in southwestern Australia, 1950–2008. Geophysical Research Letters 37, L11401.
| Streamflow decline in southwestern Australia, 1950–2008.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Philpott, SM, and Bichier, P (2012). Effects of shade tree removal on birds in coffee agroecosystems in Chiapas, Mexico. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 149, 171–180.
| Effects of shade tree removal on birds in coffee agroecosystems in Chiapas, Mexico.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Postle, AC, Majer, JD, and Bell, DT (1986). Soil and litter invertebrates and litter decomposition in jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest affected by jarrah dieback fungus (Phytophthora cinnamomi). Pedobiologia 29, 47–69.
Qie, L, Telford, EM, Massam, MR, Tangki, H, Nilus, R, Hector, A, and Ewers, RM (2019). Drought cuts back regeneration in logged tropical forests. Environmental Research Letters 14, 045012.
| Drought cuts back regeneration in logged tropical forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
R Core Team (2022) ‘R: a language and environment for statistical computing.’ (R Foundation for Statistical Computing: Vienna, Austria)
Recher, HF, Majer, JD, and Ganesh, S (1996). Eucalypts, arthropods and birds: on the relation between foliar nutrients and species richness. Forest Ecology and Management 85, 177––195.
Reid, T, Lada, H, Selwood, KE, Horrocks, GFB, Thomson, JR, and Mac Nally, R (2022). Responses of floodplain birds to high-amplitude precipitation fluctuations over two decades. Austral Ecology 47, 828–840.
| Responses of floodplain birds to high-amplitude precipitation fluctuations over two decades.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Restaino, C, Young, DJN, Estes, B, Gross, S, Wuenschel, A, Meyer, M, and Safford, H (2019). Forest structure and climate mediate drought-induced tree mortality in forests of the Sierra Nevada, USA. Ecological Applications 29, e01902.
| Forest structure and climate mediate drought-induced tree mortality in forests of the Sierra Nevada, USA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Roberts, LJ, Burnett, R, Tietz, J, and Veloz, S (2019). Recent drought and tree mortality effects on the avian community in southern Sierra Nevada: a glimpse of the future? Ecological Applications 29, e01848.
| Recent drought and tree mortality effects on the avian community in southern Sierra Nevada: a glimpse of the future?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ruthrof, KX, Matusick, G, and Hardy, GESJ (2015). Early differential responses of co-dominant canopy species to sudden and severe drought in a mediterranean-climate type forest. Forests 6, 2082–2091.
| Early differential responses of co-dominant canopy species to sudden and severe drought in a mediterranean-climate type forest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ruthrof, KX, Fontaine, JB, Matusick, G, Breshears, DD, Law, DJ, Powell, S, and Hardy, G (2016). How drought-induced forest die-off alters microclimate and increases fuel loadings and fire potentials. International Journal of Wildland Fire 25, 819–830.
| How drought-induced forest die-off alters microclimate and increases fuel loadings and fire potentials.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Saunders, DA, Mawson, P, and Dawson, R (2011). The impact of two extreme weather events and other causes of death on Carnaby’s Black Cockatoo: a promise of things to come for a threatened species? Pacific Conservation Biology 17, 141–148.
| The impact of two extreme weather events and other causes of death on Carnaby’s Black Cockatoo: a promise of things to come for a threatened species?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Seaton, S, Matusick, G, Ruthrof, K, and Hardy, G (2015). Outbreak of Phoracantha semipunctata in response to severe drought in a mediterranean Eucalyptus forest. Forests 6, 3868–3881.
| Outbreak of Phoracantha semipunctata in response to severe drought in a mediterranean Eucalyptus forest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Steel, EJ, Fontaine, JB, Ruthrof, KX, Burgess, TI, and Hardy, GESJ (2019). Changes in structure of over- and midstory tree species in a Mediterranean-type forest after an extreme drought-associated heatwave. Austral Ecology 44, 1438–1450.
| Changes in structure of over- and midstory tree species in a Mediterranean-type forest after an extreme drought-associated heatwave.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Stevens, HC, and Watson, DM (2013). Reduced rainfall explains avian declines in an unfragmented landscape: incremental steps toward an empty forest? Emu - Austral Ornithology 113, 112–121.
| Reduced rainfall explains avian declines in an unfragmented landscape: incremental steps toward an empty forest?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Stoneman GL, Bradshaw FJ, Christensen PES (1989) Silviculture. In ‘The jarrah forest: a complex mediterranean ecosystem’. (Eds B Dell, JJ Havel, N Malajczuk). (Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, The Netherlands)
Uetz, GW (1979). The influence of variation in litter habitats on spider communities. Oecologia 40, 29–42.
| The influence of variation in litter habitats on spider communities.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Verdon, SJ, Watson, SJ, and Clarke, MF (2019). Modeling variability in the fire response of an endangered bird to improve fire-management. Ecological Applications 29, e01980.
| Modeling variability in the fire response of an endangered bird to improve fire-management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Viechtbauer W (2020) ‘Metafor v2.4-0 package for R.’ Available at https://www.quantargo.com/help/r/latest/packages/metafor/2.4-0/forest
Watson, DM (2003). The ‘standardized search’: An improved way to conduct bird surveys. Austral Ecology 28, 515––525.
Watson, DM (2011). A productivity-based explanation for woodland bird declines: poorer soils yield less food. Emu - Austral Ornithology 111, 10–18.
| A productivity-based explanation for woodland bird declines: poorer soils yield less food.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wentzel JJ (2010) Is tuart (Eucalyptus gomphocephala) decline detrimental for fauna? PhD Thesis, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.
Whisson, DA, Orlowski, A, and Weston, MA (2018). Tree canopy defoliation impacts avifauna. Forest Ecology and Management 428, 81–86.
| Tree canopy defoliation impacts avifauna.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zanette, L, Doyle, P, and Trémont, SM (2000). Food shortage in small fragments: evidence from an area-sensitive passerine. Ecology 81, 1654–1666.
| Food shortage in small fragments: evidence from an area-sensitive passerine.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
