Phylogeography of the freshwater glassfishes (Ambassidae) of eastern Australia: cryptic species and hybrid zones

Peter J. Unmack; Michael P. Hammer; Rachael K. Remington; Jerald B. Johnson; Mark Adams

doi:10.1071/MF25007

RESEARCH ARTICLE (Open Access)

Previous Contents Vol 76(5)

Phylogeography of the freshwater glassfishes (Ambassidae) of eastern Australia: cryptic species and hybrid zones

Peter J. Unmack

^A ^* , Michael P. Hammer ^B , Rachael K. Remington ^C , Jerald B. Johnson ^D and Mark Adams ^E ^F

+ Author Affiliations

- Author Affiliations

^A Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia.

^B Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory, GPO Box 4646, Darwin, NT 0801, Australia.

^C Research School of Biology, Department of Ecology and Evolution, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.

^D Evolutionary Ecology Laboratories, Department of Biology and Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA.

^E Evolutionary Biology Unit, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.

^F School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.

^* Correspondence to: peter.unmack@canberra.edu.au

Handling Editor: Gerry Closs

Marine and Freshwater Research 76, MF25007 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF25007

Submitted: 15 January 2025 Accepted: 5 March 2025 Published: 31 March 2025

© 2025 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)

Abstract

Context

We examined freshwater representatives from the family Ambassidae from across eastern Australia to test species boundaries and investigate biogeographic patterns.

Aims

To determine whether existing species boundaries are accurate, characterise introgression, and identify and contrast phylogeographic patterns.

Methods

Samples were obtained from 115 sites across the range of Ambassis agassizii, including representatives from other Ambassis spp. from river basins to the west and north. Data were obtained from three independent genetic approaches, allozymes (146 individuals), single nucleotide polymorphisms (239 individuals) and mitochondrial DNA (101 individuals).

Key results

Four groups of populations were identified as likely candidate species. The most widespread taxon, A. agassizii, had four phylogroups. Complex patterns of introgression were found in narrow contact zones, especially in the Burdekin Basin where all four candidate taxa occur.

Conclusions

Freshwater glassfishes have a complex evolutionary history in eastern Australia, with biogeographic patterns that are clearly different from those of the majority of other co-occurring species.

Implications

We provide clarification on the likely taxonomic diversity of the group in eastern Australia, thus providing a basis for more accurate understanding of biodiversity patterns and a solid basis on which to undertake taxonomic revisions and consider conservation issues across these taxa.

Keywords: allozymes, Ambassis, biogeography, cryptic species, freshwater fishes, introgression, mtDNA, SNPs.

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