Free Standard AU & NZ Shipping For All Book Orders Over $80!
Register      Login
Marine and Freshwater Research Marine and Freshwater Research Society
Advances in the aquatic sciences
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Is the Paraíba do Sul River colourful? Prevalence of microplastics in freshwater, south-eastern Brazil

Igor D. da Costa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8556-5507 A B * , Natalia N. S. Nunes C , Leonardo L. Costa D and Ilana R. Zalmon D
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Departamento de Ciências Exatas, Biológicas e da Terra, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Avenida João Jasbick s/n, Bairro Aeroporto, Santo Antônio de Pádua, RJ CEP: 28470-000, Brazil.

B Mestrado Profissional em Gestão e Regulação de Recursos Hídricos (PROF-ÁGUA), Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Ji-Paraná, RO, Brazil.

C Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Rolim de Moura, RO, Brazil.

D Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil.

* Correspondence to: igorbiologia@yahoo.com.br

Handling Editor: Fiona Dyer

Marine and Freshwater Research 73(12) 1439-1449 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF22109
Submitted: 28 May 2022  Accepted: 3 September 2022   Published: 27 September 2022

© 2022 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing

Abstract

Context: Plastic pollution can be even more problematic to the environment when this material is fragmented into small pieces forming microplastics (MPs).

Aims: The objectives of the present study were to investigate the abundance, morphotypes, predominant polymers, and colour of MPs on surface waters, and compare the effect of the hydrologic cycle on the abundance and richness of MP categories along a stretch of the Paraíba do Sul River basin, the water system of which flows through the most populous area in Brazil.

Methods: Samples were taken from the superficial layer of the water column in high-water and low-water periods 2021, using bottles and plankton net.

Key results: In total, 15 categories of MP were determined and 290 plastic particles were collected in both periods. A greater abundance of MPs was found during the high-water period than in the low-water period, considering both sampling methods.

Conclusions: The MPs in the surface waters of the Paraíba do Sul River are significantly influenced by the rainfall regime.

Implications: In view of climate change, which encompasses an increase in the frequency and intensity of river floods, our results present significant implications for the management of MPs in riverine and marine systems, within the context of global climatic alterations.

Keywords: disturbance, flooding, freshwater, hydrology, lotic, pollution, surface water, water column.


References

Agência Nacional de Águas (2009) Relatório 2009: Cobrança pelo uso de recursos hídricos na bacia hidrográfica do rio Paraíba do Sul. Available at https://www.ceivap.org.br/downloads2009/Relat_GECOB_PBS_008_e-book.pdf [Verified 10 May 2022]

Alam, FC, Sembiring, E, Muntalif, BS, and Suendo, V (2019). Microplastic distribution in surface water and sediment river around slum and industrial area (case study: Ciwalengke River, Majalaya district, Indonesia). Chemosphere 224, 637–645.
Microplastic distribution in surface water and sediment river around slum and industrial area (case study: Ciwalengke River, Majalaya district, Indonesia).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Alcântara F, Washington DC (1989) An analytical synoptic-dynamic study about the severe weather event over the city of Rio De Janeiro. In ‘Coastlines of Brazil’. (Ed. C Neves) pp. 195–208. (American Society of Civil Engineers: VA, USA)

Almeida, MG, and Souza, CMM (2008). Distribuição espacial de mercúrio total e elementar e suas interações com carbono orgânico, área superficial e distribuição granulométrica em sedimentos superficiais da bacia inferior do Rio Paraíba do Sul, RJ, Brasil. Geochimica Brasiliensis 22, 140–158.

Anderson, MJ (2001). Permutation tests for univariate or multivariate analysis of variance and regression. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 58, 626–639.
Permutation tests for univariate or multivariate analysis of variance and regression.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Andrady, AL (2011). Microplastics in the marine environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin 62, 1596–1605.
Microplastics in the marine environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Antunes, JC, Frias, JGL, Micaelo, AC, and Sobral, P (2013). Resin pellets from beaches of the Portuguese coast and adsorbed persistent organic pollutants. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 130, 62–69.
Resin pellets from beaches of the Portuguese coast and adsorbed persistent organic pollutants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Atamanalp, M, Köktürk, M, Uçar, A, Duyar, HA, Özdemir, S, Parlak, V, Esenbuğa, N, and Alak, G (2021). Microplastics in tissues (Brain, Gill, Muscle and Gastrointestinal) of Mullus barbatus and Alosa immaculata. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 81, 460–469.
Microplastics in tissues (Brain, Gill, Muscle and Gastrointestinal) of Mullus barbatus and Alosa immaculata.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Baptista Neto, JA, and Fonseca, EM (2011). Variação sazonal, espacial e composicional de lixo ao longo das praias da margem oriental da Baía de Guanabara (Rio de Janeiro) no período de 1999-2008. Revista de Gestão Costeira Integrada 11, 31–39.
Variação sazonal, espacial e composicional de lixo ao longo das praias da margem oriental da Baía de Guanabara (Rio de Janeiro) no período de 1999-2008.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Barnes, DKA, Galgani, F, Thompson, RC, and Barlaz, M (2009). Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences 364, 1985–1998.
Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Barrows, APW, Courtney, A, Neumann, CA, Berger, ML, and Shawad, SD (2017). Grab vs. neuston tow net: a microplastic sampling performance comparison and possible advances in the field. Analytical Methods 9, 1446–1453.
Grab vs. neuston tow net: a microplastic sampling performance comparison and possible advances in the field.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bellasi, A, Binda, G, Pozzi, A, Galafassi, S, Volta, P, and Bettinetti, R (2020). Microplastic contamination in freshwater environments: a review, focusing on interactions with sediments and benthic organisms. Environments 7, 30–39.
Microplastic contamination in freshwater environments: a review, focusing on interactions with sediments and benthic organisms.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bessa, F, Barría, P, Neto, JM, Frias, JPGL, Otero, V, Sobral, P, and Marques, JC (2018). Occurrence of microplastics in commercial fish from a natural estuarine environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin 128, 575–584.
Occurrence of microplastics in commercial fish from a natural estuarine environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Botterell, ZLR, Beaumont, N, Dorrington, T, Steinke, M, Thompson, RC, and Lindeque, PK (2019). Bioavailability and effects of microplastics on marine zooplankton: a review. Environmental Pollution 245, 98–110.
Bioavailability and effects of microplastics on marine zooplankton: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Brander, SM, Renick, VC, Foley, MM, Steele, C, Woo, M, Lusher, A, Carr, S, Helm, P, Box, C, Cherniak, S, Andrews, RC, and Rochman, CM (2020). Sampling and quality assurance and quality control: a guide for scientists investigating the occurrence of microplastics across matrices. Applied Spectroscopy 74, 1099–1125.
Sampling and quality assurance and quality control: a guide for scientists investigating the occurrence of microplastics across matrices.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Browne, MA, Niven, SJ, Galloway, TS, Rowland, SJ, and Thompson, RC (2013). Microplastic moves pollutants and additives to worms, reducing functions linked to health and biodiversity. Current Biology 23, 2388–2392.
Microplastic moves pollutants and additives to worms, reducing functions linked to health and biodiversity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Chinfak, N, Sompongchaiyakul, P, Charoenpong, C, Shi, H, Yeemin, T, and Zhang, J (2021). Abundance, composition, and fate of microplastics in water, sediment, and shellfish in the Tapi-Phumduang River system and Bandon Bay, Thailand. Science of The Total Environment 781, 146700.
Abundance, composition, and fate of microplastics in water, sediment, and shellfish in the Tapi-Phumduang River system and Bandon Bay, Thailand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Choong, WS, Hadibarata, T, Yuniarto, A, Tang, KHD, Abdullah, F, Syafrudin, M, Al Farraj, DA, and Al-Mohaimeed, AM (2021). Characterization of microplastics in the water and sediment of Baram River estuary, Borneo Island. Marine Pollution Bulletin 172, 112880.
Characterization of microplastics in the water and sediment of Baram River estuary, Borneo Island.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cole, M, Lindeque, P, Halsband, C, and Galloway, TS (2011). Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: a review. Marine Pollution Bulletin 62, 2588–2597.
Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Constant, M, Ludwig, W, Kerhervé, P, Sola, J, Charrière, B, Sanchez-Vidal, A, Canals, M, and Heussner, S (2020). Microplastic fluxes in a large and a small Mediterranean river catchments: the Têt and the Rhône, Northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Science of The Total Environment 716, 136984.
Microplastic fluxes in a large and a small Mediterranean river catchments: the Têt and the Rhône, Northwestern Mediterranean Sea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Costa, LL, Arueira, VF, da Costa, MF, Di Beneditto, APM, and Zalmon, IR (2019). Can the Atlantic ghost crab be a potential biomonitor of microplastic pollution of sandy beaches sediment? Marine Pollution Bulletin 145, 5–13.
Can the Atlantic ghost crab be a potential biomonitor of microplastic pollution of sandy beaches sediment?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Dantas, NCFM, Duarte, OS, Ferreira, WC, Ayala, AP, Rezende, CF, and Feitosa, CV (2020). Plastic intake does not depend on fish eating habits: identification of microplastics in the stomach contents of fish on an urban beach in Brazil. Marine Pollution Bulletin 153, 110959.
Plastic intake does not depend on fish eating habits: identification of microplastics in the stomach contents of fish on an urban beach in Brazil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Dikareva, N, and Simon, KS (2019). Microplastic pollution in streams spanning an urbanisation gradient. Environmental Pollution 250, 292–299.
Microplastic pollution in streams spanning an urbanisation gradient.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Dris, R, Gasperi, J, Mirande, C, Mandin, C, Guerrouache, M, Langlois, V, and Tassin, B (2017). A first overview of textile fibers, including microplastics, in indoor and outdoor environments. Environmental Pollution 221, 453–458.
A first overview of textile fibers, including microplastics, in indoor and outdoor environments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Eckert, EM, Di Cesare, A, Kettner, MT, Arias-Andres, M, Fontaneto, D, Grossart, H-P, and Corno, G (2018). Microplastics increase impact of treated wastewater on freshwater microbial community. Environmental Pollution 234, 495–502.
Microplastics increase impact of treated wastewater on freshwater microbial community.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Fan, KL, Graziano, F, Economides, JM, Black, CK, and Song, DH (2019). The public’s preferences on plastic surgery social media engagement and professionalism: demystifying the impact of demographics. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 143, 619–630.
The public’s preferences on plastic surgery social media engagement and professionalism: demystifying the impact of demographics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ferreira, GVB, Barletta, M, Lima, ARA, Morley, SA, Justino, AKS, and Costa, MF (2018). High intake rates of microplastics in a Western Atlantic predatory fish, and insights of a direct fishery effect. Environmental Pollution 236, 706–717.
High intake rates of microplastics in a Western Atlantic predatory fish, and insights of a direct fishery effect.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Fiorillo, G, and Ghosn, M (2018). Fragility analysis of bridges due to overweight traffic load. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering 14, 619–633.
Fragility analysis of bridges due to overweight traffic load.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Frei, S, Piehl, S, Gilfedder, BS, Löder, MGJ, Krutzke, J, Wilhelm, L, and Laforsch, C (2019). Occurence of microplastics in the hyporheic zone of rivers. Scientific Reports 9, 15256.
Occurence of microplastics in the hyporheic zone of rivers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Frias, JPGL, Otero, V, and Sobral, P (2014). Evidence of microplastics in samples of zooplankton from Portuguese coastal waters. Marine Environmental Research 95, 89–95.
Evidence of microplastics in samples of zooplankton from Portuguese coastal waters.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Galgani, F, Hanke, G, Werner, S, and De Vrees, L (2013). Marine litter within the European marine strategy framework directive. ICES Journal of Marine Science 70, 1055–1064.
Marine litter within the European marine strategy framework directive.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Geyer R (2020) ‘Production, use, and fate of synthetic polymers.’ (Academic Press: NY, USA)

Hartline, NL, Bruce, NJ, Karba, SN, Ruff, EO, Sonar, SU, and Holden, PA (2016). Microfiber masses recovered from conventional machine washing of new or aged garments. Environmental Science & Technology 50, 11532–11538.
Microfiber masses recovered from conventional machine washing of new or aged garments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

He, B, Wijesiri, B, Ayoko, GA, Egodawatta, P, Rintoul, L, and Goonetilleke, A (2020). Influential factors on microplastics occurrence in river sediments. Science of The Total Environment 738, 139901.
Influential factors on microplastics occurrence in river sediments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hitchcock, JN, and Mitrovic, SM (2019). Microplastic pollution in estuaries across a gradient of human impact. Environmental Pollution 247, 457–466.
Microplastic pollution in estuaries across a gradient of human impact.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Horton, AA, Svendsen, C, Williams, RJ, Spurgeon, DJ, and Lahive, E (2017). Large microplastic particles in sediments of tributaries of the River Thames, UK – abundance, sources and methods for effective quantification. Marine Pollution Bulletin 114, 218–226.
Large microplastic particles in sediments of tributaries of the River Thames, UK – abundance, sources and methods for effective quantification.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Huang, D, Tao, J, Cheng, M, Deng, R, Chen, S, Yin, L, and Li, R (2021). Microplastics and nanoplastics in the environment: macroscopic transport and effects on creatures. Journal of Hazardous Materials 407, 124399.
Microplastics and nanoplastics in the environment: macroscopic transport and effects on creatures.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Instituo Estadual do Ambiente (2014) ‘Plano estadual de recursos hídricos do estado do Rio de Janeiro.’ (COPPETEC: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)

Isobe, A, Uchida, K, Tokai, T, and Iwasaki, S (2015). East Asian seas: a hot spot of pelagic microplastics. Marine Pollution Bulletin 101, 618–623.
East Asian seas: a hot spot of pelagic microplastics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Jabeen, K, Su, L, Li, J, Yang, D, Tong, C, Mu, J, and Shi, H (2017). Microplastics and mesoplastics in fish from coastal and fresh waters of China. Environmental Pollution 221, 141–149.
Microplastics and mesoplastics in fish from coastal and fresh waters of China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Käppler, A, Fischer, D, Oberbeckmann, S, Schernewski, G, Labrenz, M, Eichhorn, K-J, and Voit, B (2016). Analysis of environmental microplastics by vibrational microspectroscopy: FTIR, Raman or both? Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 408, 8377–8391.
Analysis of environmental microplastics by vibrational microspectroscopy: FTIR, Raman or both?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kataoka, T, and Hinata, H (2015). Evaluation of beach cleanup effects using linear system analysis. Marine Pollution Bulletin 91, 73–81.
Evaluation of beach cleanup effects using linear system analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kataoka, T, Hinata, H, and Kato, S (2013). Analysis of a beach as a time-invariant linear input/output system of marine litter. Marine Pollution Bulletin 77, 266–273.
Analysis of a beach as a time-invariant linear input/output system of marine litter.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kataoka, T, Nihei, Y, Kudou, K, and Hinata, H (2019). Assessment of the sources and inflow processes of microplastics in the river environments of Japan. Environmental Pollution 244, 958–965.
Assessment of the sources and inflow processes of microplastics in the river environments of Japan.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kay, P, Hiscoe, R, Moberley, I, Bajic, L, and McKenna, N (2018). Wastewater treatment plants as a source of microplastics in river catchments. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25, 20264–20267.
Wastewater treatment plants as a source of microplastics in river catchments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Klein, S, Worch, E, and Knepper, TP (2015). Occurrence and spatial distribution of microplastics in river shore sediments of the Rhine–Main area in Germany. Environmental Science & Technology 49, 6070–6076.
Occurrence and spatial distribution of microplastics in river shore sediments of the Rhine–Main area in Germany.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kuśmierek, N, and Popiołek, M (2020). Microplastics in freshwater fish from Central European lowland river (Widawa R., SW Poland). Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 27, 11438–11442.
Microplastics in freshwater fish from Central European lowland river (Widawa R., SW Poland).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Lebreton, LCM, van der Zwet, J, Damsteeg, J-W, Slat, B, Andrady, A, and Reisser, J (2017). River plastic emissions to the world’s oceans. Nature Communications 8, 15611.
River plastic emissions to the world’s oceans.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Lebreton, L, Slat, B, Ferrari, F, Sainte-Rose, B, Aitken, J, Marthouse, R, Hajbane, S, Cunsolo, S, Schwarz, A, Levivier, A, Noble, K, Debeljak, P, Maral, H, Schoeneich-Argent, R, Brambini, R, and Reisser, J (2018). Evidence that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is rapidly accumulating plastic. Scientific Reports 8, 4666.
Evidence that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is rapidly accumulating plastic.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Li, L, Liu, D, Li, Z, Song, K, and He, Y (2020). Evaluation of microplastic polyvinylchloride and antibiotics tetracycline co-effect on the partial nitrification process. Marine Pollution Bulletin 160, 111671.
Evaluation of microplastic polyvinylchloride and antibiotics tetracycline co-effect on the partial nitrification process.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Lima, FP, Azevedo-Santos, VM, Santos, VMR, Vidotto-Magnoni, AP, Soares, CL, Manzano, FV, and Nobile, AB (2021). Plastic ingestion by commercial and non-commercial fishes from a neotropical river basin. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 232, 29.
Plastic ingestion by commercial and non-commercial fishes from a neotropical river basin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Liu, Y, Zhang, JD, Tang, Y, He, Y, Li, YJ, You, JA, Breider, F, Tao, S, and Liu, WX (2021). Effects of anthropogenic discharge and hydraulic deposition on the distribution and accumulation of microplastics in surface sediments of a typical seagoing river: the Haihe River. Journal of Hazardous Materials 404, 124180.
Effects of anthropogenic discharge and hydraulic deposition on the distribution and accumulation of microplastics in surface sediments of a typical seagoing river: the Haihe River.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ma, H, Pu, S, Liu, S, Bai, Y, Mandal, S, and Xing, B (2020). Microplastics in aquatic environments: toxicity to trigger ecological consequences. Environmental Pollution 261, 114089.
Microplastics in aquatic environments: toxicity to trigger ecological consequences.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Mammo, FK, Amoah, ID, Gani, KM, Pillay, L, Ratha, SK, Bux, F, and Kumari, S (2020). Microplastics in the environment: interactions with microbes and chemical contaminants. Science of The Total Environment 743, 140518.
Microplastics in the environment: interactions with microbes and chemical contaminants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Marengo, JA, and Alves, LM (2005). Tendências hidrológicas da bacia do rio Paraíba do Sul. Revista Brasileira de Meteorologia 20, 215–226.

Marrafon, VH, and Reboita, MS (2020). Características da precipitação na América do Sul reveladas através de índices climáticos. Revista Brasileira de Climatologia 26, 1–10.
Características da precipitação na América do Sul reveladas através de índices climáticos.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Mei, W, Chen, G, Bao, J, Song, M, Li, Y, and Luo, C (2020). Interactions between microplastics and organic compounds in aquatic environments: a mini review. Science of The Total Environment 736, 139472.
Interactions between microplastics and organic compounds in aquatic environments: a mini review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Meneguelli-Souza, AC, Pestana, IA, Azevedo, LS, de Almeida, MG, and de Souza, CMM (2021). Arsenic in the lower drainage basin of the Paraíba do Sul River (Southeast Brazil): dynamics between the water column and sediment. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 193, 57.
Arsenic in the lower drainage basin of the Paraíba do Sul River (Southeast Brazil): dynamics between the water column and sediment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Moore, CJ, Moore, SL, Weisberg, SB, Lattin, GL, and Zellers, AF (2002). A comparison of neustonic plastic and zooplankton abundance in southern California’s coastal waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44, 1035–1038.
A comparison of neustonic plastic and zooplankton abundance in southern California’s coastal waters.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Mota, GA, Batista, LM, and Cunha, CdO (2021). Impactos dos microplásticos na saúde aquática e humana. Archives of Health 2, 1105–1108.

Nelms, SE, Barnett, J, Brownlow, A, Davison, NJ, Deaville, R, Galloway, TS, Lindeque, PK, Santillo, D, and Godley, BJ (2019). Microplastics in marine mammals stranded around the British coast: ubiquitous but transitory? Scientific Reports 9, 1075.
Microplastics in marine mammals stranded around the British coast: ubiquitous but transitory?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Neves, D, Sobral, P, Ferreira, JL, and Pereira, T (2015). Ingestion of microplastics by commercial fish off the Portuguese coast. Marine Pollution Bulletin 101, 119–126.
Ingestion of microplastics by commercial fish off the Portuguese coast.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Nimer E (1979). ‘Climatologia do Brasil.’ (IBGE/SUPREN: São Paulo, Brazil)

Nizzetto, L, Bussi, G, Futter, MN, Butterfield, D, and Whitehead, PG (2016). A theoretical assessment of microplastic transport in river catchments and their retention by soils and river sediments. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 18, 1050–1059.
A theoretical assessment of microplastic transport in river catchments and their retention by soils and river sediments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Obraczka, M, Pinto, SDOM, Marques, CF, and Ohnuma, AA (2019). Emprego de Indicadores na Avaliação do Saneamento-Região Hidrográfica Médio Paraíba do Sul. Revista Internacional de Ciências 9, 3–21.
Emprego de Indicadores na Avaliação do Saneamento-Região Hidrográfica Médio Paraíba do Sul.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ockelford, A, Cundy, A, and Ebdon, JE (2020). Storm response of fluvial sedimentary microplastics. Scientific Reports 10, 1865.
Storm response of fluvial sedimentary microplastics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Olivatto, GP, Martins, MCT, Montagner, CC, Henry, TB, and Carreira, RS (2019). Microplastic contamination in surface waters in Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Marine Pollution Bulletin 139, 157–162.
Microplastic contamination in surface waters in Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Parvin, F, Jannat, S, and Tareq, SM (2021). Abundance, characteristics and variation of microplastics in different freshwater fish species from Bangladesh. Science of The Total Environment 784, 147137.
Abundance, characteristics and variation of microplastics in different freshwater fish species from Bangladesh.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Pegado, TdSS, Schmid, K, Winemiller, KO, Chelazzi, D, Cincinelli, A, Dei, L, and Giarrizzo, T (2018). First evidence of microplastic ingestion by fishes from the Amazon River estuary. Marine Pollution Bulletin 133, 814–821.
First evidence of microplastic ingestion by fishes from the Amazon River estuary.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Pereira, MO, Calza, C, Anjos, MJ, Lopes, RT, and Araújo, FG (2006). Metal concentrations in surface sediments of Paraíba do Sul River (Brazil). Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 269, 707–709.
Metal concentrations in surface sediments of Paraíba do Sul River (Brazil).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Plastic Oceans (2021) MEPs back EU ban on throwaway plastics by 2021. Available at http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20181018IPR16524/plastic-oceans-meps-back-eu-banon-throwaway-plastics-by-2021 [Verified 10 May 2022]

Prasad, K, and Grubb, DT (1990). Deformation behavior of Kevlar fibers studied by Raman spectroscopy. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 41, 2189–2198.
Deformation behavior of Kevlar fibers studied by Raman spectroscopy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Qiu, Q, Peng, J, Yu, X, Chen, F, Wang, J, and Dong, F (2015). Occurrence of microplastics in the coastal marine environment: first observation on sediment of China. Marine Pollution Bulletin 98, 274–280.
Occurrence of microplastics in the coastal marine environment: first observation on sediment of China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Santana, GRdA, Santos, EB, and da Silva, MGAJ (2020). Caracterização Espaço-Temporal das Secas na Bacia do Rio Paraíba do Sul. Anuário do Instituto de Geociências 43, 364–375.
Caracterização Espaço-Temporal das Secas na Bacia do Rio Paraíba do Sul.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Sarkar, DJ, Das Sarkar, S, Das, BK, Manna, RK, Behera, BK, and Samanta, S (2019). Spatial distribution of meso and microplastics in the sediments of river Ganga at eastern India. Science of The Total Environment 694, 133712.
Spatial distribution of meso and microplastics in the sediments of river Ganga at eastern India.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Savoca, S, Capillo, G, Mancuso, M, Bottari, T, Crupi, R, Branca, C, and Spanò, N (2019). Microplastics occurrence in the Tyrrhenian waters and in the gastrointestinal tract of two congener species of seabreams. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 67, 35–41.
Microplastics occurrence in the Tyrrhenian waters and in the gastrointestinal tract of two congener species of seabreams.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Schmidt, C, Krauth, T, and Wagner, S (2017). Export of plastic debris by rivers into the sea. Environmental Science & Technology 51, 12246–12253.
Export of plastic debris by rivers into the sea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Schuyler, Q, Wilcox, C, Lawson, TJ, Ranatunga, RRMKP, Hu, C-S, Global Plastics Project Partners Hardesty, BD (2021). Human population density is a poor predictor of debris in the environment. Frontiers in Environmental Science 9, 583454.
Human population density is a poor predictor of debris in the environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Schymanski, D, Oßmann, BE, Benismail, N, Boukerma, K, Dallmann, G, Von Der Esch, E, Fischer, D, Fischer, F, Gilliland, D, Glas, K, Hofmann, T, Käppler, A, Lacorte, S, Marco, J, Rakwe, MEL, Weisser, J, Witzig, C, Zumbülte, N, and Ivleva, NP (2021). Analysis of microplastics in drinking water and other clean water samples with micro-Raman and micro-infrared spectroscopy: minimum requirements and best practice guidelines. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 413, 5969–5994.
Analysis of microplastics in drinking water and other clean water samples with micro-Raman and micro-infrared spectroscopy: minimum requirements and best practice guidelines.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Sillanpää, M, and Sainio, P (2017). Release of polyester and cotton fibers from textiles in machine washings. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 24, 19313–19321.
Release of polyester and cotton fibers from textiles in machine washings.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Simões Vitule, JR, Azevedo-Santos, VM, Salete Daga, V, Pereira Lima-Junior, D, Barroso de Magalhaes, AL, Orsi, ML, Mayer Pelicice, F, and Agostinho, ÂA (2015). Brazil’s drought: protect biodiversity. Science 347, 1427–1428.
Brazil’s drought: protect biodiversity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Simul Bhuyan, M, Venkatramanan, S, Selvam, S, Szabo, S, Maruf Hossain, M, Rashed-Un-Nabi, M, Paramasivam, CR, Jonathan, MP, and Shafiqul Islam, M (2021). Plastics in marine ecosystem: a review of their sources and pollution conduits. Regional Studies in Marine Science 41, 101539.
Plastics in marine ecosystem: a review of their sources and pollution conduits.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Su, L, Cai, H, Kolandhasamy, P, Wu, C, Rochman, CM, and Shi, H (2018). Using the Asian clam as an indicator of microplastic pollution in freshwater ecosystems. Environmental Pollution 234, 347–355.
Using the Asian clam as an indicator of microplastic pollution in freshwater ecosystems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Su, L, Nan, B, Craig, NJ, and Pettigrove, V (2020). Temporal and spatial variations of microplastics in roadside dust from rural and urban Victoria, Australia: implications for diffuse pollution. Chemosphere 252, 126567.
Temporal and spatial variations of microplastics in roadside dust from rural and urban Victoria, Australia: implications for diffuse pollution.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Tan, X, Yu, X,, Cai, L,, Wang, J, and Peng, J (2019). Microplastics and associated PAHs in surface water from the Feilaixia Reservoir in the Beijiang River, China. Chemosphere 221, 834–840.
Microplastics and associated PAHs in surface water from the Feilaixia Reservoir in the Beijiang River, China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Vendel, AL, Bessa, F, Alves, VEN, Amorim, ALA, Patrício, J, and Palma, ART (2017). Widespread microplastic ingestion by fish assemblages in tropical estuaries subjected to anthropogenic pressures. Marine Pollution Bulletin 117, 448–455.
Widespread microplastic ingestion by fish assemblages in tropical estuaries subjected to anthropogenic pressures.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Waldman, WR, and Rillig, MC (2020). Microplastic research should embrace the complexity of secondary particles. Environmental Science & Technology 54, 7751–7753.
Microplastic research should embrace the complexity of secondary particles.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wang, W, Ndungu, AW, Li, Z, and Wang, J (2017). Microplastics pollution in inland freshwaters of China: a case study in urban surface waters of Wuhan, China. Science of the Total Environment 575, 1369–1374.
Microplastics pollution in inland freshwaters of China: a case study in urban surface waters of Wuhan, China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wang, J, Liu, X, Li, Y, Powell, T, Wang, X, Wang, G, and Zhang, P (2019). Microplastics as contaminants in the soil environment: a mini-review. Science of The Total Environment 691, 848–857.
Microplastics as contaminants in the soil environment: a mini-review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wang, G, Lu, J, Li, W, Ning, J, Zhou, L, Tong, Y, Liu, Z, Zhou, H, and Xiayihazi, N (2021). Seasonal variation and risk assessment of microplastics in surface water of the Manas River Basin, China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 208, 111477.
Seasonal variation and risk assessment of microplastics in surface water of the Manas River Basin, China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Washer, G, Brooks, T, and Saulsberry, R (2009). Characterization of Kevlar using Raman spectroscopy. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 21, 226–234.
Characterization of Kevlar using Raman spectroscopy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Welden, NA, and Cowie, PR (2017). Degradation of common polymer ropes in a sublittoral marine environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin 118, 248–253.
Degradation of common polymer ropes in a sublittoral marine environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Xia, W, Rao, Q, Deng, X, Chen, J, and Xie, P (2020). Rainfall is a significant environmental factor of microplastic pollution in inland waters. Science of The Total Environment 732, 139065.
Rainfall is a significant environmental factor of microplastic pollution in inland waters.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Yu, Y, Chen, H, Hua, X, Dang, Y, Han, Y, Yu, Z, Chen, X, Ding, P, and Li, H (2020). Polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) toxicity induced oxidative stress and intestinal injury in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Science of The Total Environment 726, 138679.
Polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) toxicity induced oxidative stress and intestinal injury in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Zhang, W, Zhang, S, Wang, J, Wang, Y, Mu, J, Wang, P, Lin, X, and Ma, D (2017). Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Bohai Sea, China. Environmental Pollution 231, 541–548.
Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Bohai Sea, China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Zhang, Y, Gao, T, Kang, S, Allen, S, Luo, X, and Allen, D (2021). Microplastics in glaciers of the Tibetan Plateau: evidence for the long-range transport of microplastics. Science of The Total Environment 758, 143634.
Microplastics in glaciers of the Tibetan Plateau: evidence for the long-range transport of microplastics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |