How Spartina alterniflora adapts to a new environment created by embankment reclamation through C-N-P stoichiometry in the coastal wetlands of eastern China
Yajun Qiao A , Wen Yang A , Yuxuan Zhao A , Nasreen Jeelani A , Lingqian Xu A , Hui Zhao B , Yanan Zhang C , Shuqing An A B and Xin Leng A B D
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A School of Life Science and Institute of Wetland Ecology, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210046, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
B Nanjing University Ecology Research Institute of Changshu, Changshu, 215500, P.R. China.
C Jiangsu Yancheng Wetland National Nature Reserve, Yancheng, 224057, P.R. China.
D Corresponding author. Email: lengx@nju.edu.cn
Marine and Freshwater Research 69(5) 823-832 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF17374
Submitted: 30 June 2017 Accepted: 8 January 2018 Published: 9 April 2018
Abstract
Although embankment reclamation is a recurring activity in the coastal wetlands of China, the effect of embankment construction on plant growth has attracted little attention. Leaf carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry (C-N-P stoichiometry) of a plant can be used to reflect plant adaptation to new environments created by reclamation. In the present study we investigated the biomass and leaf C-N-P stoichiometry of Spartina alterniflora Loisel., soil C-N-P stoichiometry and soil moisture, salinity, bulk density and pH in both embankment-reclaimed and natural S. alterniflora salt marshes in eastern China. Plant biomass, leaf P content, soil salinity and soil moisture were significantly lower in the reclaimed compared with natural marsh. The decrease in leaf P content is possibly attributed to changes in soil salinity, soil moisture and soil organic C and N content in the reclaimed marsh. The results of the present study indicate that the decreased aboveground biomass in the reclaimed marsh is likely to be correlated with an increase in the leaf N : P ratio, in accordance with the ‘growth rate hypothesis’. However, previously published threshold values of the N : P ratio as indicators of N or P limitation of plant growth may not be applicable to S. alterniflora at our study site.
Additional keywords: indicator, limiting nutrient, N : P ratio, soil salinity, threshold.
References
Ågren, G. I. (2004). The C : N : P stoichiometry of autotrophs – theory and observations. Ecology Letters 7, 185–191.| The C : N : P stoichiometry of autotrophs – theory and observations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
An, S. Q., Gu, B. H., Zhou, C. F., Wang, Z. S., Deng, Z. F., Zhi, Y. B., Li, H. L., Chen, L., Yu, D. H., and Liu, Y. H. (2007). Spartina invasion in China: implications for invasive species management and future research. Weed Research 47, 183–191.
| Spartina invasion in China: implications for invasive species management and future research.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Arshad, M. A., Lowery, B., and Grossman, B. (1996). Physical tests for monitoring soil quality. In ‘Methods for Assessing Soil Quality’. (Eds J. W. Doran and A. J. Jones.) pp. 123–141. (Soil Science Society of America: Madison, WI, USA.)
Bao, S. D. (2008). ‘Soil Agro-chemistrical Analysis.’ (China Agriculture Press: Beijing, China.) [In Chinese].
Berman-Frank, I., and Dubinsky, Z. (1999). Balanced growth in aquatic plants: myth or reality? Bioscience 49, 29–37.
| Balanced growth in aquatic plants: myth or reality?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bolker, B. M., Brooks, M. E., Clark, C. J., Geange, S. W., Poulsen, J. R., Stevens, M. H. H., and White, J. S. (2009). Generalized linear mixed models: a practical guide for ecology and evolution. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 24, 127–135.
| Generalized linear mixed models: a practical guide for ecology and evolution.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Brown, C. E., Pezeshki, S. R., and DeLaune, R. D. (2006). The effects of salinity and soil drying on nutrient uptake and growth of Spartina alterniflora in a simulated tidal system. Environmental and Experimental Botany 58, 140–148.
| The effects of salinity and soil drying on nutrient uptake and growth of Spartina alterniflora in a simulated tidal system.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xosl2kt7c%3D&md5=0eee4714afbe9d2619e4062e7fd5cc8eCAS |
Bu, N. S., Qu, J. F., Li, G., Zhao, B., Zhang, R. J., and Fang, C. M. (2015). Reclamation of coastal salt marshes promoted carbon loss from previously-sequestered soil carbon pool. Ecological Engineering 81, 335–339.
| Reclamation of coastal salt marshes promoted carbon loss from previously-sequestered soil carbon pool.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Crooks, S., Herr, D., Tamelander, J., Laffoley, D., and Vandever, J. (2011). Mitigating climate change through restoration and management of coastal wetlands and near-shore marine ecosystems: challenges and opportunities. Environment Department Paper 121, World Bank, Washington, DC, USA.
Cui, J., Liu, C., Li, Z. L., Wang, L., Chen, X. F., Ye, Z. Z., and Fang, C. M. (2012). Long-term changes in topsoil chemical properties under centuries of cultivation after reclamation of coastal wetlands in the Yangtze Estuary, China. Soil & Tillage Research 123, 50–60.
| Long-term changes in topsoil chemical properties under centuries of cultivation after reclamation of coastal wetlands in the Yangtze Estuary, China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Elser, J. J., Dobberfuhl, D. R., MacKay, N. A., and Schampel, J. H. (1996). Organism size, life history, and N : P stoichiometry. Bioscience 46, 674–684.
| Organism size, life history, and N : P stoichiometry.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Elser, J. J., Sterner, R. W., Gorokhova, E., Fagan, W. F., Markow, T. A., Cotner, J. B., Harrison, J. F., Hobbie, S. E., Odell, G. M., and Weider, L. J. (2000). Biological stoichiometry from genes to ecosystems. Ecology Letters 3, 540–550.
| Biological stoichiometry from genes to ecosystems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gardolinski, C. F. C., Worsfold, P. J., and McKelvie, I. D. (2004). Seawater induced release and transformation of organic and inorganic phosphorus from river sediments. Water Research 38, 688–692.
| Seawater induced release and transformation of organic and inorganic phosphorus from river sediments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXit1Whtg%3D%3D&md5=f0982ad4510cb3d5bd9bf773aeb0a283CAS |
Güsewell, S. (2004). N : P ratios in terrestrial plants: variation and functional significance. New Phytologist 164, 243–266.
| N : P ratios in terrestrial plants: variation and functional significance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Güsewell, S. (2005). Responses of wetland graminoids to the relative supply of nitrogen and phosphorus. Plant Ecology 176, 35–55.
| Responses of wetland graminoids to the relative supply of nitrogen and phosphorus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Güsewell, S., and Bollens, U. (2003). Composition of plant species mixtures grown at various N : P ratios and levels of nutrient supply. Basic and Applied Ecology 4, 453–466.
| Composition of plant species mixtures grown at various N : P ratios and levels of nutrient supply.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Güsewell, S., and Koerselman, K. (2002). Variation in nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations of wetland plants. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 5, 37–61.
| Variation in nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations of wetland plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Güsewell, S., Koerselman, W., and Verhoeven, J. T. A. (2003). Biomass N : P ratios as indicators of nutrient limitation for plant populations in wetlands. Ecological Applications 13, 372–384.
| Biomass N : P ratios as indicators of nutrient limitation for plant populations in wetlands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Han, G. X., Xing, Q. H., Yu, J. B., Luo, Y. Q., Li, D. J., Yang, L. Q., Wang, G. M., Mao, P. L., Xie, B. H., and Mikle, N. (2014). Agricultural reclamation effects on ecosystem CO2 exchange of a coastal wetland in the Yellow River Delta. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 196, 187–198.
| Agricultural reclamation effects on ecosystem CO2 exchange of a coastal wetland in the Yellow River Delta.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hartzell, J. L., and Jordan, T. E. (2012). Shifts in the relative availability of phosphorus and nitrogen along estuarine salinity gradients. Biogeochemistry 107, 489–500.
| Shifts in the relative availability of phosphorus and nitrogen along estuarine salinity gradients.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhs1ersb3I&md5=3e005c97a83bbc78357219909beafc83CAS |
Hong, J. T., Wang, X. D., and Wu, J. B. (2014). Stoichiometry of root and leaf nitrogen and phosphorus in a dry Alpine steppe on the Northern Tibetan Plateau. PLoS One 9, e109052.
| Stoichiometry of root and leaf nitrogen and phosphorus in a dry Alpine steppe on the Northern Tibetan Plateau.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Huang, L. D., Zhang, Y. H., Shi, Y. M., Liu, Y. B., Wang, L., and Yan, N. (2015). Comparison of phosphorus fractions and phosphatase activities in coastal wetland soils along vegetation zones of Yancheng National Nature Reserve, China. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 157, 93–98.
| Comparison of phosphorus fractions and phosphatase activities in coastal wetland soils along vegetation zones of Yancheng National Nature Reserve, China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXkvFCrt7c%3D&md5=fd36e1d280bf4f153de344f733cb6537CAS |
Ji, Y. F., Wu, B. L., Ding, Y. H., and Qin, P. (2011). Nutritional components of Phragmites australis and Spartina alterniflora in Dafeng free-range David’s deer habitat of Jiangsu Province, east China: a comparative analysis. Shengtaixue Zazhi 30, 2240–2244.
Jiang, L. L., He, S., Wu, L. F., Yan, Y. F., Weng, S. F., Liu, J., Wang, W. Q., and Zeng, C. S. (2014). Characteristics of stoichiometric homeostasis of three plant species in wetlands in Minjiang Estuary. Wetland Science 3, 293–298.
| Characteristics of stoichiometric homeostasis of three plant species in wetlands in Minjiang Estuary.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Koerselman, W., and Meuleman, A. F. M. (1996). The vegetation N : P ratio: a new tool to detect the nature of nutrient limitation. Journal of Applied Ecology 33, 1441–1450.
| The vegetation N : P ratio: a new tool to detect the nature of nutrient limitation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Li, M., Chen, L., Xiao, Y., Gan, L., Hu, Q. X., and An, S. Q. (2009). Effects of arbuscular mycorrhiza on absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus of Spartina alterniflora and Phragmites australis. Acta Ecologica Sinica 29, 3960–3969.
| 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXpvFemurc%3D&md5=a1f1790f07ea1fee1d3f4248c1d9214aCAS |
Li, W., Cao, T., Ni, L. Y., Zhang, X. L., Zhu, G. R., and Xie, P. (2013). Effects of water depth on carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry of five submersed macrophytes in an in situ experiment. Ecological Engineering 61, 358–365.
| Effects of water depth on carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry of five submersed macrophytes in an in situ experiment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Li, J. G., Pu, L. G., Zhu, M., Zhang, J., Li, P., Dai, X. Q., Xu, Y., and Liu, L. L. (2014). Evolution of soil properties following reclamation in coastal areas: a review. Geoderma 226–227, 130–139.
| Evolution of soil properties following reclamation in coastal areas: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Liao, C., Luo, Y., Jiang, L., Zhou, X., Wu, X., Fang, C., Chen, J., and Li, B. (2007). Invasion of Spartina alterniflora enhanced ecosystem carbon and nitrogen stocks in the Yangtze Estuary, China. Ecosystems 10, 1351–1361.
| Invasion of Spartina alterniflora enhanced ecosystem carbon and nitrogen stocks in the Yangtze Estuary, China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhvVCmtLg%3D&md5=742ea2cbb672765d37ac9c9b787b04b9CAS |
Ma, Z. J., Melville, D. S., Liu, J. G., Chen, Y., Yang, H. Y., Ren, W. W., Zhang, Z. W., Piersma, T., and Li, B. (2014). Rethinking China’s new great wall: massive seawall construction in coastal wetlands threatens biodiversity. Science 346, 912–914.
| Rethinking China’s new great wall: massive seawall construction in coastal wetlands threatens biodiversity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXitVGksLjJ&md5=80cba786a4152fe915fe600646fabe8cCAS |
Ma, C., Zheng, R., Zhao, J. L., Han, X. M., Wang, L., Gao, X. J., and Zhang, C. S. (2015). Relationships between heavy metal concentrations in soils and reclamation history in the reclaimed coastal area of Chongming Dongtan of the Yangtze River Estuary, China. Journal of Soils and Sediments 15, 139–152.
| Relationships between heavy metal concentrations in soils and reclamation history in the reclaimed coastal area of Chongming Dongtan of the Yangtze River Estuary, China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhs1WitrzM&md5=b6cc342ebdef46d3b5ed75608eefdc34CAS |
McHugh, J. M., and Dighton, J. (2004). Influence of mycorrhizal inoculation, inundation period, salinity, and phosphorus availability on the growth of two salt marsh grasses, Spartina alterniflora Lois. and Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Roth., in nursery systems. Restoration Ecology 12, 533–545.
| Influence of mycorrhizal inoculation, inundation period, salinity, and phosphorus availability on the growth of two salt marsh grasses, Spartina alterniflora Lois. and Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Roth., in nursery systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pagliari, P. H., Kaiser, D. E., Rosen, C. J., and Lamb, J. A. (2017). The nature of phosphorus in soils. (University of Minnesota Extension.) Available at https://www.extension.umn.edu/agriculture/nutrient-management/phosphorus/the-nature-of-phosphorus/ [Verified 6 February 2018].
Qing, H., Cai, Y., Xiao, Y., Yao, Y. H., and An, S. Q. (2015). Nitrogen uptake and use efficiency of invasive Spartina alterniflora and native Phragmites australis: effect of nitrogen supply. Clean – Soil, Air, Water 43, 305–311.
| Nitrogen uptake and use efficiency of invasive Spartina alterniflora and native Phragmites australis: effect of nitrogen supply.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXovFCntLg%3D&md5=3849252fa420c19ef6694082ed127abbCAS |
Qiu, W. F., Wang, B., Jones, P. J. S., and Axmacher, J. (2009). Challenges in developing China’s marine protected area system. Marine Policy 33, 599–605.
| Challenges in developing China’s marine protected area system.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Reich, P. B., Ellsworth, D. S., and Uhl, C. (1995). Leaf carbon and nutrient assimilation and conservation in species of differing successional status in an oligotrophic Amazonian forest. Functional Ecology 9, 65–76.
| Leaf carbon and nutrient assimilation and conservation in species of differing successional status in an oligotrophic Amazonian forest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Romero, J. A., Brix, H., and Comin, F. A. (1999). Interactive effects of N and P on growth, nutrient allocation and NH4 uptake kinetics by Phragmites australis. Aquatic Botany 64, 369–380.
| Interactive effects of N and P on growth, nutrient allocation and NH4 uptake kinetics by Phragmites australis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXlvVWktLc%3D&md5=3ff43af6fa54b31956473416679e6b8dCAS |
Ryu, J. S., Nam, J. H., Park, J. S., Kwon, B., Lee, J., Song, S. J., Hong, S., Chang, W. K., and Khim, J. S. (2014). The Saemangeum tidal flat: long-term environmental and ecological changes in marine benthic flora and fauna in relation to the embankment. Ocean and Coastal Management 102, 559–571.
| The Saemangeum tidal flat: long-term environmental and ecological changes in marine benthic flora and fauna in relation to the embankment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sterner, R. W., and Elser, J. J. (2002). ‘Ecological Stoichiometry: The Biology of Elements from Molecules to the Biosphere.’ (Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ, USA.)
Tessier, J. T., and Raynal, D. J. (2003). Use of nitrogen to phosphorus ratios in plant tissue as an indicator of nutrient limitation and nitrogen saturation. Journal of Applied Ecology 40, 523–534.
| Use of nitrogen to phosphorus ratios in plant tissue as an indicator of nutrient limitation and nitrogen saturation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXltleitr0%3D&md5=1d5e61257b2a9ae64e1bef17f213d789CAS |
Tian, B., Wu, W. T., Yang, Z. Q., and Zhou, Y. X. (2016). Drivers, trends, and potential impacts of long-term coastal reclamation in China from 1985 to 2010. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 170, 83–90.
| Drivers, trends, and potential impacts of long-term coastal reclamation in China from 1985 to 2010.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
von Oheimb, G., Power, S. A., Falk, K., Friedrich, U., Mohamed, A., Krug, A., Boschatzke, N., and Härdtle, W. (2010). N : P ratio and the nature of nutrient limitation in Calluna-dominated heathlands. Ecosystems 13, 317–327.
| N : P ratio and the nature of nutrient limitation in Calluna-dominated heathlands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wan, S., Qin, P., Liu, J., and Zhou, H. (2009). The positive and negative effects of exotic Spartina alterniflora in China. Ecological Engineering 35, 444–452.
| The positive and negative effects of exotic Spartina alterniflora in China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wang, F., and Wall, G. (2010). Mudflat development in Jiangsu Province, China: practices and experiences. Ocean and Coastal Management 53, 691–699.
| Mudflat development in Jiangsu Province, China: practices and experiences.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wang, L. L., Song, C. C., Song, Y. Y., Guo, Y. D., Wang, X. W., and Sun, X. X. (2010). Effects of reclamation of natural wetlands to a rice paddy on dissolved carbon dynamics in the Sanjiang Plain, northeastern China. Ecological Engineering 36, 1417–1423.
| Effects of reclamation of natural wetlands to a rice paddy on dissolved carbon dynamics in the Sanjiang Plain, northeastern China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wang, Y., Wang, Z. L., Feng, X., Guo, C., and Chen, Q. (2014). Long-term effect of agricultural reclamation on soil chemical properties of a coastal saline marsh in Bohai Rim, northern China. PLoS One 9, e93727.
| Long-term effect of agricultural reclamation on soil chemical properties of a coastal saline marsh in Bohai Rim, northern China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Weil, R. R., and Brady, N. C. (2016). Soil phosphorus and potassium. In ‘The Nature and Properties of Soils.’ 15th edn. pp. 643–667. (Pearson Education: London, UK.)
Yang, W., Li, N., Leng, X., Qiao, Y. J., Cheng, X. L., and An, S. Q. (2016). The impact of sea embankment reclamation on soil organic carbon and nitrogen pools in invasive Spartina alterniflora and native Suaeda salsa salt marshes in eastern China. Ecological Engineering 97, 582–592.
| The impact of sea embankment reclamation on soil organic carbon and nitrogen pools in invasive Spartina alterniflora and native Suaeda salsa salt marshes in eastern China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Yang, W., Qiao, Y. J., Li, N., Zhao, H., Yang, R., Leng, X., Cheng, X. L., and An, S. Q. (2017). Seawall construction alters soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics and soil microbial biomass in an invasive Spartina alterniflora salt marsh in eastern China. Applied Soil Ecology 110, 1–11.
| Seawall construction alters soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics and soil microbial biomass in an invasive Spartina alterniflora salt marsh in eastern China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXhs1ait77L&md5=fa1cbd0f0e172c2e9edfddc86fcac1edCAS |
Yue, Q., Zhao, M., Yu, H. M., Xu, W., and Ou, L. (2016). Total quantity control and intensive management system for reclamation in China. Ocean and Coastal Management 120, 64–69.
| Total quantity control and intensive management system for reclamation in China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zhang, R. S., Shen, Y. M., Lu, L. Y., Yan, S. G., Wang, Y. H., Li, J. L., and Zhang, Z. L. (2004). Formation of Spartina alterniflora salt marshes on the coast of Jiangsu Province, China. Ecological Engineering 23, 95–105.
| Formation of Spartina alterniflora salt marshes on the coast of Jiangsu Province, China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtVCnsLrE&md5=01ef9a087b4ab17b3e569e35ce95cb16CAS |
Zhang, Y., Ding, W., Luo, J., and Donnison, A. (2010). Changes in soil organic carbon dynamics in an Eastern Chinese coastal wetland following invasion by a C4 plant Spartina alterniflora. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 42, 1712–1720.
| Changes in soil organic carbon dynamics in an Eastern Chinese coastal wetland following invasion by a C4 plant Spartina alterniflora.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtVKiu7nP&md5=a2c1d3f44a8eca56e0f4c70045e39e00CAS |
Zhang, S. B., Zhang, J. L., Slik, J., and Cao, K. F. (2012). Leaf element concentrations of terrestrial plants across China are influenced by taxonomy and the environment. Global Ecology and Biogeography 21, 809–818.
| Leaf element concentrations of terrestrial plants across China are influenced by taxonomy and the environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zhang, H., Wu, H. H., Yu, Q., Wang, Z. W., Wei, C. Z., Wei, C. Z., Long, M., Kattge, J., Smith, M., and Han, X. G. (2013). Sampling date, leaf age and root size: implications for the study of plant C : N : P stoichiometry. PLoS One 8, e60360.
| Sampling date, leaf age and root size: implications for the study of plant C : N : P stoichiometry.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXmtVehsLg%3D&md5=cfd7f32e68c9fddc51dd4992f81ea7a8CAS |
Zhao, X. L., Ling, Y., Zhang, G. F., Xie, S. B., Hua, W. J., and Ding, Y. H. (2010). Community characteristics of beach wetland vegetations along a habitat gradient in Dafeng Milu Reserve of Jiangsu Province. Shengtaixue Zazhi 29, 244–249.
Zhao, H., Yang, W., Xia, L., Qiao, Y. J., Xiao, Y., Cheng, X. L., and An, S. Q. (2015). Nitrogen-enriched eutrophication promotes the invasion of Spartina alterniflora in coastal China. Clean – Soil Air Water 43, 244–250.
| Nitrogen-enriched eutrophication promotes the invasion of Spartina alterniflora in coastal China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXovVKksL0%3D&md5=a32bf4c30188749fb1b32457a817151bCAS |
