Water quality affects the structure of copepod assemblages along the Sfax southern coast (Tunisia, southern Mediterranean Sea)
Zaher Drira A D , Salma Kmiha-Megdiche A , Houda Sahnoun B , Marc Pagano C , Marc Tedetti C and Habib Ayadi A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Biodiversity and Aquatic Ecosystems UR/11ES72 Research Unit, Department of Life Sciences, Sfax Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, Soukra Road kilometre 3.5, BP 1171, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia.
B Coastal and Urban Environment Research Unit, Sfax Preparatory Engineering Institute (IPEIS), BP 901, 13288 Sfax, Tunisia.
C Aix-Marseille University, Centre Nationnal de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Toulon, Research Institute for Development (IRD), Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, UM 110, 13288 Marseille, France.
D Corresponding author. Email: zaherdrira@yahoo.fr
Marine and Freshwater Research 69(2) 220-231 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF17133
Submitted: 30 May 2016 Accepted: 5 August 2017 Published: 26 September 2017
Abstract
The Sfax southern coast (Gulf of Gabes, Mediterranean Sea) has been under increased anthropogenic pressure for many years. In the present study we investigated the effects of this anthropisation on the spatial distribution of copepod assemblages in relation to the physicochemical features of seawater at 20 stations sampled on 19 March 2013. Copepods represented 73% of total zooplankton abundance. Small planktonic copepods (<1.45 mm), including pollution-tolerant species (e.g. Oithona nana, Paracalanus parvus, Harpacticus littoralis and Tisbe battagliai), proliferated exclusively in stations of ~0.5-m depth characterised by high coastal anthropogenic inputs. The largest copepod species were dominated by Calanus helgolandicus (1.45–2.5 mm) in the offshore zone in depths of ~3 m. Substantial numbers of Oithona plumifera (7.5%) were found at depths between 0.5 and 3 m. Copepod diversity was significantly higher in the southern zone, which is less affected by sewage, than in the northern zone, which was subjected to higher pressure (Shannon–Wiener index H′ = 1.5–2.5 and ≤1.5 bits individual–1). A shift in the planktonic copepod community between the two zones was linked to deterioration of water quality, with higher phosphorus levels, turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the northern zone.
Additional keywords: anthropogenic inputs, chemical oxygen demand–5-day biochemical oxygen demand, COD–BOD5, diversity, zooplankton.
References
Aloulou, F., Elleuch, B., and Kallel, M. (2012). Benthic foraminiferal assemblages as pollution proxies in the northern coast of Gabes Gulf, Tunisia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 184, 777–795.| Benthic foraminiferal assemblages as pollution proxies in the northern coast of Gabes Gulf, Tunisia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhs12mtbnL&md5=77d50a0edb469b6f89a5fc584e12cfeeCAS |
Annabi-Trabelsi, N., Daly-Yahia, M. N., Romdhane, M. S., and Ben Maïz, N. (2005). Seasonal variability of planktonic copepods in Tunis North lagoon (Tunisia, North Africa). Cahiers de Biologie Marine 46, 325–333.
Arfi, R., Champalbert, G., and Patriti, G. (1981). Système planctonique et pollution urbaine: un aspect des populations zooplanctoniques. Marine Biology 61, 133–141.
| Système planctonique et pollution urbaine: un aspect des populations zooplanctoniques.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Arora, J., and Mehra, N. K. (2009). Seasonal dynamics of zooplankton in a shallow eutrophic, man-made hyposaline lake in Delhi (India): role of environmental factors. Hydrobiologia 626, 27–40.
| Seasonal dynamics of zooplankton in a shallow eutrophic, man-made hyposaline lake in Delhi (India): role of environmental factors.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXjt1alurw%3D&md5=3e7011ec96ccd3d14644d1f1f1757d8fCAS |
Barhoumi, S., Messaoudi, I., Deli, T., Saïd, K., and Kerkeni, A. (2009). Cadmium bioaccumulation in three benthic fish species, Salaria basilisca, Zosterisessor ophiocephalus and Solea vulgaris collected from the Gulf of Gabes in Tunisia. Journal of Environmental Sciences 21, 980–984.
| Cadmium bioaccumulation in three benthic fish species, Salaria basilisca, Zosterisessor ophiocephalus and Solea vulgaris collected from the Gulf of Gabes in Tunisia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXptlOmtbg%3D&md5=49a51c11848ccf426b7d0bf20066958dCAS |
Bell, G. (2005). The co-distribution of species in relation to the neutral theory of community ecology. Ecology 86, 1757–1770.
| The co-distribution of species in relation to the neutral theory of community ecology.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ben Abdallah, F., Elloumi, N., Mezghani, I., Boukhris, M., and Garrec, J. P. (2006). Survival strategies of pomegranate and almond trees in a fluoride polluted area. Comptes Rendus Biologies 329, 200–207.
| Survival strategies of pomegranate and almond trees in a fluoride polluted area.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xis1SqsLk%3D&md5=e6fd5138416210556e47352fd0110fb0CAS |
Ben Brahim, M., Hamza, A., Hannachi, I., Rebai, A., Jarboui, O., Bouain, A., and Aleya, L. (2010). Variability in the structure of epiphytic assemblages of Posidonia oceanica in relation to human interferences in the Gulf of Gabes, Tunisia. Marine Environmental Research 70, 411–421.
| Variability in the structure of epiphytic assemblages of Posidonia oceanica in relation to human interferences in the Gulf of Gabes, Tunisia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtlSmtbrK&md5=97a521e52f070483ef2d452e61f1593bCAS |
Ben Ltaief, T., Drira, Z., Hannachi, I., Bel Hassen, M., Hamza, A., Pagano, M., and Ayadi, H. (2015). What are the factors leading to the success of small planktonic copepods in the Gulf of Gabes, Tunisia? Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 95, 747–761.
| What are the factors leading to the success of small planktonic copepods in the Gulf of Gabes, Tunisia?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ben Salem, Z., and Ayadi, H. (2016). Heavy metal accumulation in Diplodus annularis, Liza aurata, and Solea vulgaris relevant to their concentration in water and sediment from the southwestern Mediterranean (coast of Sfax). Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 23, 13895–13906.
| Heavy metal accumulation in Diplodus annularis, Liza aurata, and Solea vulgaris relevant to their concentration in water and sediment from the southwestern Mediterranean (coast of Sfax).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XltlWhur0%3D&md5=d4da4faba1062099372fd906201f2892CAS |
Ben Salem, Z., Drira, Z., and Ayadi, H. (2015). What factors drive the variations of phytoplankton, ciliate and mesozooplankton communities in the polluted southern coast of Sfax, Tunisia? Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 22, 11764–11780.
| What factors drive the variations of phytoplankton, ciliate and mesozooplankton communities in the polluted southern coast of Sfax, Tunisia?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXms1Wnt78%3D&md5=13294d65cb0f35cde5aea42cc415bdc0CAS |
Bhattacharya, B. D., Bhattacharya, A., Rakshit, D., and Sarkar, S. K. (2014). Impact of the tropical cyclonic storm ‘Aila’ on the water quality characteristics and mesozooplankton community structure of Sundarban mangrove wetland. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Science 43, 216–223.
| 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXpvFSit7c%3D&md5=8b937c5e160a76b52f779815ef2400e9CAS |
Bi, H., Peterson, W. T., Peterson, J. O., and Fisher, J. L. (2012). A comparative analysis of coastal and shelf-slope copepod communities in the northern California Current system: synchronized response to large-scale forcing? Limnology and Oceanography 57, 1467–1478.
| A comparative analysis of coastal and shelf-slope copepod communities in the northern California Current system: synchronized response to large-scale forcing?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Biswas, M. (2015). Seasonal abundance of zooplankton in relation to physicochemical features in Rabindra Sarobar, Kolkata. International Research Journal of Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Studies 1, 56–62.
Bradford-Grieve, J. M. (1999). ICES identification leaflets for plankton. Leaflet number 181 to replace Fiches d’ldentification du Zooplancton number 12. In ‘Copepoda. Sub-Order: Calanoida, Family: Acartiidae, Genera: Acartia, Paracartia, Pteriacartia’. (Ed. J. A. Lindley.) pp. 1–19. (Natural Environment Research Council, Plymouth Marine Laboratory: Plymouth, UK.)
Callaert, B., Van Den Bogaert, J., Pieters, A., Pynaert, K., Tison, P., Levrau, K., Vander Heyde, D., and Glaser, D. (2009). Taparura Project: sustainable coastal development, including the decontamination and rehabilitation of the coastal area of the city of Sfax, Tunisia. In ‘Best Environmental Practices in Coastal and Maritime Engineering, Proceedings of the First Coastal and Maritime Mediterranean Conference’, 2009, Hammamet, Tunisia. (Eds D. Levacher, M. Sanchez, and E. Garry.) pp. 175–178. (Centre Français du Littoral.) Available at http://www.paralia.fr/cmcm/e01-44.pdf [Verified 14 September 2017].
Choura, M., Keskes, M., Chaari, D., and Ayadi, H. (2015). Study of the mechanical strength and leaching behavior of phosphogypsum in a sulfur concrete matrix. IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology 9, 8–13.
| Study of the mechanical strength and leaching behavior of phosphogypsum in a sulfur concrete matrix.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXns1ekt70%3D&md5=a2f0d3a8e5d15817b47df533f8990b10CAS |
Christou, E. D. (1998). Interannual variability of copepods in a Mediterranean coastal area (Saronikos Gulf, Aegean Sea). Journal of Marine Systems 15, 523–532.
| Interannual variability of copepods in a Mediterranean coastal area (Saronikos Gulf, Aegean Sea).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Costanzo, G., Campolmi, M., and Zagani, G. (2000). Stephos marsalensis new species (Copepoda, Calanoida, Stephidae) from coastal waters of Sicily, Italy. Journal of Plankton Research 22, 2007–2014.
| Stephos marsalensis new species (Copepoda, Calanoida, Stephidae) from coastal waters of Sicily, Italy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Davis, L. N., and Marshall, H. G. (1998). Mesozooplankbon distribution and abundance in the Pagan River: a nutrient enriched subestuary of the James River, Virginia. Virginia Journal of Science 49, 151–162.
Dodson, S. (1992). Predicting crustacean zooplankton species richness. Limnology and Oceanography 37, 848–856.
| Predicting crustacean zooplankton species richness.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dolédec, S., and Chessel, D. (1994). Co-inertia analysis: an alternative method for studying species environment relationships. Freshwater Biology 31, 277–294.
| Co-inertia analysis: an alternative method for studying species environment relationships.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Drira, Z., Bel Hassen, M., Ayadi, H., Hamza, A., Zarrad, R., Bouaïn, A., and Aleya, L. (2010). Copepod community structure related to environmental factors from a summer cruise in the Gulf of Gabes (Tunisia, eastern Mediterranean Sea). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 90, 145–157.
| Copepod community structure related to environmental factors from a summer cruise in the Gulf of Gabes (Tunisia, eastern Mediterranean Sea).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXitlejsrk%3D&md5=7471ffbab6bc334c74e212c396e00fbbCAS |
Drira, Z., Bel Hassen, M., Ayadi, H., and Aleya, L. (2014). What factors drive copepod community distribution in the Gulf of Gabes, eastern Mediterranean Sea? Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 21, 2918–2934.
| What factors drive copepod community distribution in the Gulf of Gabes, eastern Mediterranean Sea?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXis1Cgtbg%3D&md5=855e577005ac8c07d8ca82f0e6a60e59CAS |
Drira, Z., Kmiha-Megdiche, S., Sahnoun, H., Hammami, A., Allouche, N., Tedetti, M., and Ayadi, H. (2016). Assessment of anthropogenic inputs in the surface waters of the southern coastal area of Sfax during spring (Tunisia, Southern Mediterranean Sea). Marine Pollution Bulletin 104, 355–363.
| Assessment of anthropogenic inputs in the surface waters of the southern coastal area of Sfax during spring (Tunisia, Southern Mediterranean Sea).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28Xhsl2ls78%3D&md5=db7d7e2ebff6d462b901ca485e1331ccCAS |
Ekpo, I. (2013). Effect of physico-chemical parameters on zooplankton species and density of a tropical rainforest river in Niger Delta, Nigeria using canonical cluster analysis. International Journal of Engineering Science 2, 13–21.
El Rhaouat, O., El Kherrati, I., El Khayyat, F., Chiguer, H., Ezziani, K., Ibeda, A., Fareh, M., Saidi, Y., El Kharim, K., and Belghyti, D. (2014). Physico-chemical evaluation of urban wastewater of the town of Sidi Kacem. Computational Water, Energy, and Environmental Engineering 3, 30–35.
| Physico-chemical evaluation of urban wastewater of the town of Sidi Kacem.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fernández de Puelles, M. L., Alemany, F., and Jansá, J. (2007). Zooplankton time series in the Balearic Sea (western Mediterranean): variability during the decade 1994–2003. Progress in Oceanography 74, 329–354.
| Zooplankton time series in the Balearic Sea (western Mediterranean): variability during the decade 1994–2003.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gallienne, C. P., and Robins, D. B. (2001). Is Oithona the most important copepod in the world’s oceans? Journal of Plankton Research 23, 1421–1432.
| Is Oithona the most important copepod in the world’s oceans?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gang, R. K., Saksena, D. N., and Rao, R. J. (2006). Assessment of physico-chemical water quality of Harsi reservoir, District Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh. Journal of Ecophysiology and Occupational Health 6, 33–40.
Gargouri, T. (2006). Diagnostic de la zone côtière sud du Grand Sfax, Projet SMAP III – Sfax. Rapport de synthèse global et Plan Directeur de Gestion Intégrée provisoire, Diagnostic Zone Côtière Sud du Grand Sfax étendue aux Îles Kerkennah Décembre 2006 Mai 2007, Special Publication Number 3, Expert/consultant ANPE (Agence Nationale de Protection de l’Environnement Tunisie) Municipalité de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.
Gaudy, R. (1985). Features and pecularities of zooplankton communities from the western Mediterranean. In ‘Mediterranean Marine Ecosystems’. (Eds M. Moraitou and V. Kiortsis.) pp. 279–301. (Plenum Press: New York, NY, USA.)
Gowen, R. J., McCullough, G., Kleppel, G. S., Houchin, L., and Elliott, P. (1999). Are copepods important grazers of the spring bloom in the western Irish Sea? Journal of Plankton Research 21, 465–483.
| Are copepods important grazers of the spring bloom in the western Irish Sea?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hooff, R. C., and Peterson, W. T. (2006). Copepod biodiversity as an indicator of changes in ocean and climate conditions of the northern California current ecosystem. Limnology and Oceanography 51, 2607–2620.
| Copepod biodiversity as an indicator of changes in ocean and climate conditions of the northern California current ecosystem.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jafari, N., Nabavi, S. M., and Akhavan, M. (2011). Ecological investigation of zooplankton abundance in the river Haraz, northeast Iran: impact of environmental variables. Archives of Biological Sciences 63, 785–798.
| Ecological investigation of zooplankton abundance in the river Haraz, northeast Iran: impact of environmental variables.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jagadeeshappa, K. C., and Kumara, V. (2013). Influence of physico-chemical parameters on the diversity of plankton species in wetlands of Tiptur Taluk, Tumkur Dist, Karnataka State, India. Caribbean Journal of Science and Technology 1, 185–193.
Jamet, J. L., Boge, G., Richard, S., Geneys, C., and Jamet, D. (2001). The zooplankton community in bays of Toulon area (northwest Mediterranean Sea, France). Hydrobiologia 457, 155–165.
| The zooplankton community in bays of Toulon area (northwest Mediterranean Sea, France).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jamwal, P., Zuhail, T. M., Raje Urs, P., Srinivasan, V., and Lele, S. (2015). Contribution of sewage treatment to pollution abatement of urban streams. Current Science 108, 677–685.
| 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXms1Ggsb8%3D&md5=df32f1b5a37692371418a939885aca07CAS |
Khwaja, S., Manish, V., Suresh, G., Chirag, G., Virendra, K. S., and Mohammad, D. H. (2014). Diel variations in limnological characteristics of Omkareshwar reservoir of Narmada River, India. Journal of Ecology and the Natural Environment 6, 12–24.
| Diel variations in limnological characteristics of Omkareshwar reservoir of Narmada River, India.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kiørboe, T. (2006). Sex, sex-ratios and the dynamics of pelagic copepod populations. Oecologia 148, 40–50.
| Sex, sex-ratios and the dynamics of pelagic copepod populations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kushwaha, V. B., and Agrahari, M. (2014). Effect of domestic sewage on zooplankton community in River Rapti at Gorakhpur, India. World Journal of Zoology 9, 86–92.
Madin, L. P., Horgan, E. F., and Steinberg, D. K. (2001). Zooplankton at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) station: diel, seasonal and interannual variation in biomass, 1994–1998. Deep-Sea Research 48, 2063–2082.
| Zooplankton at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) station: diel, seasonal and interannual variation in biomass, 1994–1998.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mazzocchi, M. G., and Ribera d’Alcala, M. (1995). Recurrent patterns in zooplankton structure and succession in a variable coastal environment. ICES Journal of Marine Science 52, 679–691.
| Recurrent patterns in zooplankton structure and succession in a variable coastal environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Medina, M., Barata, C., Telfer, T., and Baird, D. (2002). Age and sex related variation in sensitivity to the pyrethroid cypermethrin in the marine copepod Acartia tonsa Dana. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 42, 17–22.
| Age and sex related variation in sensitivity to the pyrethroid cypermethrin in the marine copepod Acartia tonsa Dana.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XpvVagsw%3D%3D&md5=36e30017806868d52f03d350daa2e0eaCAS |
Mendes-Gusmão, L. F., McKinnon, A. D., and Richardson, A. J. (2013). No evidence of predation causing female-biased sex ratios in marine pelagic copepods. Marine Ecology Progress Series 482, 279–298.
| No evidence of predation causing female-biased sex ratios in marine pelagic copepods.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mezghani-Chaari, S., Hamza, A., and Hamza-Chaffai, A. (2011). Mercury contamination in human hair and some marine species from Sfax coasts of Tunisia: levels and risk assessment. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 180, 477–487.
| Mercury contamination in human hair and some marine species from Sfax coasts of Tunisia: levels and risk assessment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXpvVeqsLc%3D&md5=67ace98f0c6d75b66e266bc55a1b6cd5CAS |
Mukhopadhyay, S. K., Chatterjee, A., Gupta, R., and Chattopadhyay, B. (2000). Rotiferan community structure of a tannery effluent stabilisation pond in east Calcutta wetland ecosystem. Chemical and Environmental Research 9, 85–91.
| 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXot1Ggtg%3D%3D&md5=931f60190b5a6fd06bb7f36daf68fc6eCAS |
Mukhopadhyay, S. K., Chattopadhyay, B., Goswami, A. R., and Chatterjee, A. (2007). Spatial variations in zooplankton diversity in waters contaminated with composite effluents. Journal of Limnology 66, 97–106.
| Spatial variations in zooplankton diversity in waters contaminated with composite effluents.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Negi, R. K., and Rajput, A. (2013). Impact of pulp and paper mill effluents on the diversity of zooplankton in the Ganga River water at Bijnor (UP) India. Journal of Biology 6, 112–117.
Ohwoghere-Asuma, O., and Aweto, K. E. (2013). Leachate characterization and assessment of groundwater and surface water qualities near municipal solid waste dump site in Effurun, Delta state, Nigeria. Journal of Environment and Earth Science 3, 126–134.
Paffenhöfer, G. A., and Mazzocchi, M. G. (2002). On some aspects of the behaviour of Oithona plumifera (Copepoda: Cyclopoida). Journal of Plankton Research 24, 129–135.
| On some aspects of the behaviour of Oithona plumifera (Copepoda: Cyclopoida).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Patra, A., Santra, K. B., and Manna, C. K. (2011). Ecology and diversity of zooplankton in relation to physico-chemical characteristics of water of Santragachi Jheel, West Bengal, India. Journal of Wetlands Ecology 5, 20–39.
| Ecology and diversity of zooplankton in relation to physico-chemical characteristics of water of Santragachi Jheel, West Bengal, India.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Porri, F., McQuaid, C. D., and Froneman, W. P. (2007). Spatio-temporal variability of small copepods (especially Oithona plumifera) in shallow nearshore waters off the southern coast of South Africa. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 72, 711–720.
| Spatio-temporal variability of small copepods (especially Oithona plumifera) in shallow nearshore waters off the southern coast of South Africa.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rajagopal, T., Thangamani, A., Sevarkodiyone, S., Sekar, M., and Archunan, G. (2011). Zooplankton diversity and physico-chemical conditions in three perennial ponds of Virudhunagar district, Tamilnadu. Journal of Environmental Biology 31, 265–272.
Rekik, A., Drira, Z., Guermazi, W., Elloumi, J., Maalej, S., Aleya, L., and Ayadi, H. (2012). Impacts of an uncontrolled phosphogypsum dumpsite on summer distribution of phytoplankton, copepods and ciliates in relation to abiotic variables along the near shore of the southwestern Mediterranean coast. Marine Pollution Bulletin 64, 336–346.
| Impacts of an uncontrolled phosphogypsum dumpsite on summer distribution of phytoplankton, copepods and ciliates in relation to abiotic variables along the near shore of the southwestern Mediterranean coast.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhsVOntb4%3D&md5=120bad337345492cf25fe621dd803909CAS |
Rekik, A., Denis, M., Aleya, L., Maalej, S., and Ayadi, H. (2013a). Spring plankton community structure and distribution in the north and south coasts of Sfax (Tunisia) after north coast restoration. Marine Pollution Bulletin 67, 82–93.
| Spring plankton community structure and distribution in the north and south coasts of Sfax (Tunisia) after north coast restoration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhvVKgtbfL&md5=7103fb5f7d5f32bc46d48f5a94f3c493CAS |
Rekik, A., Maalej, S., Ayadi, H., and Aleya, L. (2013b). Restoration impact of an uncontrolled phosphogypsum dump site on the seasonal distribution of abiotic variables, phytoplankton and zooplankton along the near shore of the south-western Mediterranean coast. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 20, 3718–3734.
| Restoration impact of an uncontrolled phosphogypsum dump site on the seasonal distribution of abiotic variables, phytoplankton and zooplankton along the near shore of the south-western Mediterranean coast.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXntVymsL4%3D&md5=89835ffe77fabd0baae80f3c23ace17aCAS |
Riandey, V., Champalbert, G., Carlotti, F., Taupier-Letage, I., and Thibault-Botha, D. (2005). Zooplankton distribution related to the hydrodynamic features in the Algerian Basin (western Mediterranean Sea) in summer 1997. Deep-sea Research – I. Oceanographic Research Papers 52, 2029–2048.
| Zooplankton distribution related to the hydrodynamic features in the Algerian Basin (western Mediterranean Sea) in summer 1997.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ribera d’Alcalà, M., Conversano, F., Corato, F., Licandro, P., Mangoni, O., Marino, D., Mazzocchi, M. G., Modigh, M., Montresor, M., Nardella, M., Saggiomo, V., Sarno, D., and Zingone, A. (2004). Seasonal patterns in plankton communities in a pluriannual time series at a coastal Mediterranean site (Gulf of Naples): an attempt to discern recurrences and trends. Scientia Marina 68, 65–83.
| Seasonal patterns in plankton communities in a pluriannual time series at a coastal Mediterranean site (Gulf of Naples): an attempt to discern recurrences and trends.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Richard, S., and Jamet, J. (2001). An unusual distribution of Oithona nana Giesbrecht (1892) (Crustacea: Cyclopoida) in a bay: the case of Toulon Bay (France, Mediterranean Sea). Journal of Coastal Research 17, 957–963.
Rose, M. (1933). ‘Copépodes pélagiques. Faune de la France, 26.’ (Le Chevalier: Paris, France.)
Rosenberg, D. M., and Resh, V. H. (1993). ‘Freshwater Biomonitoring and Benthic Macroinvertebrates.’ (Chapman and Hall: New York, NY, USA.)
Sanyal, P., Bhattacharya, N., and Chakraborty, S. K. (2015). Biomonitoring of four contrasting wetlands of Kolkata, West Bengal based on zooplankton ecodynamics and biotic indices. Journal of Environmental Protection 6, 683–699.
| Biomonitoring of four contrasting wetlands of Kolkata, West Bengal based on zooplankton ecodynamics and biotic indices.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sarma, S. S. S. (1996). Some relationships between size structure and fertility of rotifer populations. In ‘Advances in Fish Wildlife Ecology and Biology’. (Ed. B. L. Kaul.) pp. 37–50. (Daya Publishing House: Delhi, India.)
Shannon, C. E., and Weaver, W. (1949). ‘The Mathematical Theory of Communication.’ (University of Illinois Press: Urbana, IL, USA.)
Shannon, C. E., and Weaver, W. (1963). ‘The Mathematical Theory of Communication’, 1st paperbound edition. (University of Illinois Press: Urbana, IL, USA.)
Sharma, B. K. (1998). Faunal diversity in India: Rotifera. In ‘Faunal Diversity of India’. (Eds J. R. B Alfred, A. K. Das, and A. K. Sanyal.) pp. 57–70. (Environmental Centre, India, Zoological Survey of India: Calcutta, India.)
Shastri, Y. (2000). Physicochemical characteristics of River Mosem. Geobios 27, 194–196.
Sokal, R. R., and Rohlf, F. J. (1981). ‘Biometry: The Principles and Practices of Statistics in Biological Research’, 2nd edn. (W. H. Freeman and Co.: New York, NY, USA.)
Sundaresan, S., and Kumar, S. B. (2013). Seasonal variation and distribution of zooplanktonic fauna in Tandalam Pond (Chennai). International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Archives 4, 727–730.
Tallberg, P., Horppila, J., Vaisanen, A., and Nurminen, L. (1999). Seasonal succession of phytoplankton and zooplankton along a trophic gradient in a eutrophic lake – implications for food web management. Hydrobiologia 412, 81–94.
| Seasonal succession of phytoplankton and zooplankton along a trophic gradient in a eutrophic lake – implications for food web management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXhsV2jtbc%3D&md5=3da7cfea87a3601f6f467904f9f8205bCAS |
Tayibi, H., Choura, M., Lopez, F. A., Alguacil, F. J., and Lopez-Delgado, A. (2009). Environmental impact and management of phosphogypsum. Journal of Environmental Management 90, 2377–2386.
| Environmental impact and management of phosphogypsum.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXos1ektL0%3D&md5=5b0804ce695cf93aa179dbd79d7cf7ecCAS |
Thioulouse, J., Chessel, D., Dolédec, S., and Olivier, J. (1997). Ade-4: a multivariate analysis and graphical display software. Statistics and Computing 7, 75–83.
| Ade-4: a multivariate analysis and graphical display software.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tregouboff, G., and Rose, M. (1978a). ‘Manuel de Planctologie Méditerranéenne Tome I.’ (CNRS: Paris, France.)
Tregouboff, G., and Rose, M. (1978b). ‘Manuel de Planctonologie Méditerranéenne. Tome II.’ (CNRS: Paris, France.)
US Environmental Protection Agency (1999). National recommended water quality criteria for priority pollutants – correction: EPA 822-Z-99-001. Report Number 4304T, US EPA Office of Water, Washington, DC, USA.
Wilhm, J. L. (1975). Biological indicators of pollution. In ‘River Ecology’. (Ed. B. A. Whitton.) pp. 375–402. (Blackwell: Oxford, UK.)
Williams, J. A., and Muxagata, E. (2006). The seasonal abundance and production of Oithona nana (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) in Southampton Water. Journal of Plankton Research 28, 1055–1065.
| The seasonal abundance and production of Oithona nana (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) in Southampton Water.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtFKlsbrE&md5=b115328007e26676569dc6a2249119caCAS |
Wiwatanaratanabutr, I., and Grandjean, F. (2016). Impacts of temperature and crowding on sex ratio, fecundity and Wolbachia infection intensity in the copepod, Mesocyclops thermocyclopoides. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 141, 18–23.
| Impacts of temperature and crowding on sex ratio, fecundity and Wolbachia infection intensity in the copepod, Mesocyclops thermocyclopoides.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zaghden, H., Kallel, M., Louati, A., Elleuch, B., Jean, O., and Saliot, A. (2005). Hydrocarbons in surface sediments from the Sfax coastal zone (Tunisia) Mediterranean Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 50, 1287–1294.
| Hydrocarbons in surface sediments from the Sfax coastal zone (Tunisia) Mediterranean Sea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXht1ensLrP&md5=04139477133054256ce6808c70685d5aCAS |
Zakaria, H. Y., Abdel-Kader, M. H., Abo-Senna, F. M., and El-Naggar, H. A. (2016). Abundance, distribution, diversity and zoogeography of epipelagic copepods off the Egyptian coast (Mediterranean Sea). Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research 42, 459–473.
| Abundance, distribution, diversity and zoogeography of epipelagic copepods off the Egyptian coast (Mediterranean Sea).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
