The role of oomycete effectors in plant–pathogen interactions
Adrienne R. Hardham A C and David M. Cahill BA Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
B School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong Campus at Waurn Ponds, Vic. 3217, Australia.
C Corresponding author. Email: adrienne.hardham@anu.edu.au
Functional Plant Biology 37(10) 919-925 https://doi.org/10.1071/FP10073
Submitted: 1 April 2010 Accepted: 4 June 2010 Published: 23 September 2010
Abstract
Plants constantly come into contact with a diverse range of microorganisms that are potential pathogens, and they have evolved multi-faceted physical and chemical strategies to inhibit pathogen ingress and establishment of disease. Microbes, however, have developed their own strategies to counteract plant defence responses. Recent research on plant–microbe interactions has revealed that an important part of the infection strategies of a diverse range of plant pathogens, including bacteria, fungi and oomycetes, is the production of effector proteins that are secreted by the pathogen and that promote successful infection by manipulating plant structure and metabolism, including interference in plant defence mechanisms. Pathogen effector proteins may function either in the extracellular spaces within plant tissues or within the plant cell cytoplasm. Extracellular effectors include cell wall degrading enzymes and inhibitors of plant enzymes that attack invading pathogens. Intracellular effectors move into the plant cell cytoplasm by as yet unknown mechanisms where, in incompatible interactions, they may be recognised by plant resistance proteins but where, in compatible interactions, they may suppress the plant’s immune response. This article presents a brief overview of our current understanding of the nature and function of effectors produced by oomycete plant pathogens.
Additional keywords: enzyme inhibitors, pathogens, Phytophthora, plant–microbe interactions, plant–pathogen interactions.
Acknowledgements
Support from the Australian Research Council during the preparation of this review is acknowledged by both authors.
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